What are the levels of measurement?
Nominal data, Ordinal data, Interval data and Ratio data.
What are the 2 measurements that deal with qualitative data?
Nominal and Ordinal data
Whats Ordinal data?
Qualitative data that can be arranged in a meaningful order
Ex: Seat #'s on concert tickets
What is Nominal data?
Qualitative data that is only used to to a name or level
Ex: The genre of music performed data at the 2013 Grammy's
Define continuous data?
Continuous date usually involves anything that is measured. Weight, temperature, or scale. Data that can take on any value within a specified range.
What are the 2 types of Quantitative data?
Ratio and Interval
true or false, quantitative data can be continuous or discrete?
true
Define Ratio data?
Ratio data is interval data but with a natural zero point. Example, anything about temperature or time.
True or false, qualitative data cannot be continuous or discrete
true
What is interval data?
Quantitative data that has mathematical meaning. This can be ordered. Except the temperature is equally between. Example temperature in F.
What is discrete data?
Discrete data are usually counts or # of something. it can take on specific values but cannot take on the values in between.
Suppose a research group wants to know what percent of college students smoke cigarettes. If 100 college students are chosen at random and 32% smoke cigarettes ? Whats the population? Sample? Sample statistic?
all college students
100 students chosen
32%
Whats a Parameter?
Remember Parameter = Population. Numbers that summarize data for an entire population
Define statistic?
numbers that summarize data from a sample.
What are the 4 types of observational studies?
cross sectional study, longitudinal study, observational study (meta analysis), and case study
What is the procedure of a statistical study?
Well, the basic process is to state a question, collect data regarding the data in order to answer the question.
1) Determine the design of a study
* state? to be studies
* determine the population variables
* determine the sampling method
2) Collect the
Cross sectional study?
characterized to be data that is collected at a single point in time. This type of study gives researchers a snapshot of the info. An example of a cross-sectional study would be a medical study looking at the prevalence of breast cancer in a population. T
Longitudinal data study?
data that's gathered by following particular groups over a period of time,in some cases.years. Requires long time affects
Meta analysis study?
When a researcher gathers information over past research or analyze the member of population. EXAMPLE: Jenkins (1986) tracked down 28 published studies measuring the impact of fi nancial
incentives on workplace performance. Only 57% of these found a posit
Case study?
Where you look at a particular event and examine it from every angle.
True or false, Observational studies observes data that already exists
true
Define random sampling?
When every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Example: pulling names out of an hat, or using a random number generator to select identification numbers.
Define stratified sampling?
When members of the population are divided into 2 or more subgroups that share similar characteristics like age, gender, or ethnicity. Then a random sample from each stratum is chosen. EXAMPLE: A company has a total of 360 employees in four different cate
Define cluster sampling?
When you take parts of the subgroups. For example, a researcher wants to survey academic performance of high school students in Spain.
Define systematic sampling?
Chosen by every Nth number of the population. Example: every 10th person is chosen at random
What are the 2 branches of statistics?
Descriptive and inferential statistics
Define descriptive statistics?
Gathers, sorts, summarizes, and generally describes the data that has been collected
Define inferential statistics?
deals with the interpretation of the data and inferences about a population based on a sample data.
Qualitative data?
also known as categorical data, consist of labels or descriptions of traits of the sample. Ex: fav food, eye color
Quantitative data?
Consists of counts or measurements and therefore are numerical . Ex: test score, weights, arrangement of rainfall
ranking of most popular paint? quan or qual?
qualitative
number of paint choices availabl? quan or qual?
quantitative
amount of red die? quan or qual
quantitative
The variable that causes the change in the response is called what?
explanatory variable
Placebo ?
something that looks exactly like the treatment , but has no benefit element
Single blind experiments?
the people interacting with the participants know which group each participant belongs to.
Double blind experiment?
an experiment in which neither a participant nor the people they interact with know which group each subject belongs