frequency table
a _____ has two columns with one column of categories and the other column lists the frequency of each category
categories, frequency
a basic frequency table has two columns. one column lists all the ____ of data and the other lists the _____ of each category
frequency
the number of data values in the category. (ex. number of times a grade appears)
bin
when it is impractical to have a category for every value in a data set, we ___ (or group) the data into categories, each coveringa range of possible data values
relative frequency
of any category is the proportion of percentage of the data values that fall in that category
cumulative frequency
of any category is the number of data values in that category and all preceding categories
distribution
of a variable refers to the way its values are spread over all possible values. can be summarized in a table or with a graph
bar graph
consists of bars representing frequencies (or relative frequencies) for particular categories. the bar lengths are proportional to the frequencies
dotplot
is similar to a bar graph except each individual data value is represented with a dot
pareto chart
is a bar graph with the bars arranged in frequency order. make sense only for data at the nominal level of measurement
pie chart
is a circle divided so that each wedge represents the relative frequency of a particular category. wedge size is proportional to the relative frequency. entire graph represents the total relative frequency 100%
histogram
is a bar graph showing a distribution for quantitative data (at the interval or ratio level of measurement); the bars have a natural order and the bar widths have specific meaning. bars touch
stem-and-leaf plot
is somewhat like a histogram turned sideways, except in place of bars we see a listing of data
line chart
shows a distribution of quantitative data as a series of dots connected by lines. for each dot, the horizontal position is in the center of the bin it represents and the vertical position is the frequency value for the bin
time-series diagram
a histogram or line chart in which the horizontal axis represents time
multiple bar graph
is a simple extension of a regular bar graph that has two or more sets of bars that allow comparison between two or more data sets
stack plot
shows different data sets in a vertical stack
geographical data
the raw data that responds to different geographic locations is ___