Association _____ _____ imply causation !
does NOT
A _______ is a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variable in a study, but could substantially affect your interpretation of the relationship among those variables.
lurking variable
When the explanatory variable (x) has a causal relationship with the response variable (y), the lurking variable is _______ with the explanatory variable, since her effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.
confounded
An observed association between two variables is not enough evidence that there is a _______ relationship between them.
casual
Another definition of a _______ ________ is a variable that was not included in the study, but could have a substantial effect on our understanding of the relationship between the 2 studied variable.
lurking variable
By adding a lurking variable, the ______ of an association may be changed.
direction
Whenever including a lurking variable causes us to rethink the direction of an association, this is called _____.
Simpson's paradox
It is not always the case that including a ______ ______ makes us rethink the direction of the association, sometimes it helps us gain deeper understanding of the observed relationship.
lurking variable