What types of charts would be used to summarize tables for one variable of qualitative data?
bar chart, pie chart, and parento chart
What are the characteristics of a frequency distribution?
used for qualitative data, groups data into categories, and records number of observations into each category Ex: groups weather conditions throughout the week
What relative frequency?
Ex: weather conditions throughout out the months. One day cloudy divided by 31 days of month equal relative frequency. frequency/number of total days= relative frequency. Relative frequency must appear in percentage that equal to 100
is tha segment circle whose segments portray the relative frequencies of the categories of some qualitative variables.
pie chart
depicts the frequency or the relative frequency for each category of the qualitative data as a bar rising vertically from the horizontal axis.
bar chart
What are the types of charts that formed an ordered array of numerical data?
stem-and-leaf display
What are the types of charts that formed a frequency distribution and cumulative distribution of numerical data?
histogram, polygon, and ogive
groups data into intervals called classes, and records the number of observations that fall into each class. Classes are contradictory and comprehensive.
frequency distribution
What do the number of classes usually range from?
5 to 20
specifies how many observations fall below the upper limit of a particular class. Determines the amount of frequency as a certain a certain in the frequency distribution chart
cumulative frequency distribution
identifies the proportion or fraction of values that fall into each class. frequency/total number of frequency
relative frequency distribution
gives the proportion or fraction of values that fall below the upper limit of each class. refer back to cumulative frequency distribution
cumulative relative frequency distribution
is a visual representation of a frequency or a relative frequency distribution
histogram, polygon
What does bar height represent in the histrogram
the respective class frequency (or relative frequency)
What does the bar width represent in the histogram?
class width
mirror image on both sides of its center
symmetric
data forma long, narrow tail to the right
positively skewed
data forms a long, narrow tail to the left
negatively skewed
Where is the associated frequency and relative frequency located on a polygon chart?
y-axis
Where are the class midpoints located on a polygon chart?
x-axis
is a visual representation of a cumulative frequency or a cumulative relative frequency distrubition
ogive
Where do you plot the cumulative frequency (or cumulative relative frequency) of each class on a ogive chart?
above the upper limit of the corresponding class and then the neighboring points are then connected
provides a visual display of quantitative data and gives an overall picture of the data's center and variability
stem-and-leaf diagram
What does the stem of the stem-and-leaf diagram consist of?
leftmost digits
What does the leaf of the stem-and-leaf diagram consist of?
the last digits
Give an example of how numerical values are separated in stem-and-leaf diagrams?
Age=36: Stem=3 Leaf=6
is used to determine if two variables are related
scatterplot
What are linear relationship in scatterplots
the upward or downward sloping trend of the data
What is positive linear relationship?
as the x-axis increases, the y-axis increases
What is negative linear relationship?
as the x-axis increases, the y-axis decreases
Explain curvilinear relationship in scatterplots
As x increases, y increases at an increasing (or decreasing) rate. As x increases, y decreases at an increasing (or decreasing) rate.
What is no relationship scatterplots?
data that is randomly scattered with no discernible pattern
What does the histogram have the ability to do in terms of graphing?
cannot flip axis, can use relative frequency, frequency, % frequency, midpoints and boundaries
What can a % polygon use in terms of graphing?
must use midpoint and frequency or percent frequency
What can a cumulative percent graph or an ogive use?
uses lower or upper class boundaries
Which central tendency are resistant measures?
mode and median
total spread in set, sensitive to outliers
range
average of squared deviation of values from the mean
variance
shows variation of mean, square root of variance, majority of observations lie with in +1 or -1 standard deviations
standard deviation
number of standard deviations a data value is from the mean
z-score
mean<median
left skewed
mean=median
symmetrical
mean>median
right skewed
What is the empirical rule within 1 standard deviation of the mean
68%
What is the empirical rule within 2 standard deviation of the mean?
95%
What is the empirical rule within 3 standard deviations of the mean?
99.7%
What is the first rule of calculating quartile measures?
if the result is a whole number then it is the ranked position to use
What is the second rule of calculating quartile measure?
if the result is a fractional half (2.5, etc) then average the two corresponding data values
What is the third rule of calculating quartile measure?
if the result is neither (not a whole number or a fractional number) then round the results to the nearest integer to find the ranked position