Health promotion
is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
Health promotion
requires the adoption of healthy living practices and often necessitates a change in behavior
Disease prevention
(also referred to as health protection) is considered a component of health promotion and refers to behaviors motivated by a desire to avoid illness, detect illness early, and manage illnesses when they occur
Health promotion
encompasses health, wellness, disease, and illness
health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
wellness
positive state of health of an individual, family, or community
wellness
multidimensional, encompassing several dimensions including physical, mental, spiritual, social, occupational, environmental, intellectual, and financial
Disease
functional or structural disturbance that results when a person's adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and stresses fail
Health promotion
viewed broadly in scope as behaviors that promote optimal health across the lifespan within an individual, family, community, population, and environment
Primary prevention
refers to strategies aimed at optimizing health and disease prevention. The focus is on health education for optimal nutrition, exercise, immunizations, safe living and work environments, hygiene and sanitation, protection from environmental hazards, avoi
secondary prevention
identify individuals in an early state of a disease process so that prompt treatment can be initiated.
secondary prevention
Screenings are typically indicated and recommended if they are safe, cost-effective, and accurate, and if the effort makes a substantial difference in the morbidity and/or mortality of conditions
secondary prevention
Screenings are recommended for an individual, family, population, or community based on known risk factors
true
A screening instrument, test, or method is considered reliable if the approach produces the same results when different individuals (with a similar skill set) perform the test
Sensitivity
is a measure related to the proportion of those with a condition who are correctly identified
Specificity
refers to the ability to currently identify those who do not have a condition
Grade A = Strongly Recommends
There is high certainty that the net benefit is substantial
Grade B = Recommends
There is high certainty that the net benefit is moderate or there is moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial
Grade C = No Recommendations for or Against
There may be considerations that support providing the intervention for an individual patient, but not for the general population. There is at least moderate certainty that the net benefit is small.
Grade D = Recommends Against
There is moderate or high certainty that the intervention has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits
I Statement = Insufficient Evidence to Recommend for or Against
The current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the service. Evidence is lacking, of poor quality, or conflicting, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.
Tertiary prevention
involves minimizing the effects of disease and disability; the focus of tertiary prevention is restorative through collaborative disease management
Tertiary prevention
The aim is to optimize the management of a condition and minimize complications so that the individual can achieve the highest level of health possible
Optimization of health
The focus on optimizing health includes measures to maintain high-level wellness, measures to prevent illness, and strategies for early detection and management of disease when it occurs
Evidence
Health promotion guidelines are based on evidence; for this reason, recommendations are periodically updated to reflect new knowledge generated through research efforts. The recommendations are usually disseminated through practice guidelines for health p
Patient/community centered
Incorporation of health promotion measures must be valued and desired by the individuals impacted. On an individual level, personal motivation to incorporate the strategies is required. On a community level, leadership from individuals within the communit
Enculturation
Designing and implementing health promotion require cultural competence and sensitivity to differences among cultures. Nurses must be willing to listen and learn from patients and communities so that interventions are provided within appropriate languages
Individual-Focused Models
Models that focus on the individual typically share common themes including cognition, decision making, motivation, behavior, and environment
Community-Focused Models
Community-focused models share common attributes, including (1) a focus on community values and norms, (2) legitimization of desirable behaviors and environmental changes, (3) participation of community leadership, and (4) a planned change in which commun
Context to Nursing and Health Care
Nurses have involvement in health promotion on a number of levels including working with an individual or family to enhance health, working with communities and organizations to enhance health, and participating in the development and implementation of he
National Health Care Agenda and Health Care Economics
Health promotion is a central focus of health care delivery that has been shown to add quality years of life and to decrease health care costs.5 National goals and objectives for improving the health of Americans have been outlined in a series of reports
Social Ecology Models
These are models that emphasize social and cultural contexts of people within an environment�and recognition of multiple variables that influence health behaviors. Consideration for health promotion interventions includes an integration of environmental r
PRECEDE-PROCEED Model (Green)
This is a nine-stage model designed to guide the planning to health programs by identifying the most appropriate intervention strategies. PRECEDE stands for predisposing, reinforcing, enabling constructs in ecosystem, diagnosis, and evaluation. PROCEED re
Diffusion of Innovations Model (Rogers)
This is a model that emphasizes dissemination of health behavior interventions. Rogers' model identifies four steps of diffusion including (1) the innovation, (2) communication channels (spreading the word), (3) time, and (4) social systems. Underlying as
Social Marketing Models
Social marketing models influence behavior change by influencing adoption of an idea by general public. Foundational to social marketing models are product, price, place, and promotion. When applied to health promotion, the "product" is the desired applic
Vulnerable populations
refer to groups of individuals who are at greatest risk for poor health outcomes
health assessment
the foundation for establishing a health promotion plan and the basis for application of health promotion into practice. Assessment can target an individual, family, or community
Individual Assessment
The primary components of assessment for individuals include a comprehensive assessment of health status, health behaviors, and risk
Family Assessment
A family assessment is necessary to promote health within families. Family assessment includes gaining an understanding of health promotion and disease prevention activities within the family (including risk factors), family strengths, and the relationshi
Community Assessment
necessary component of assessment when developing community-based health promotion strategies�usually in the context of community health nursing and public health nursing. Community assessment is conducted in participation with community representatives a
Health Promotion Interventions
are planned and initiated on the basis of data gained from assessment. Guidelines for health promotion interventions based on age or other risk factors are readily available for health professionals; nurses should know how to access and interpret the guid
Education
cornerstone for health promotion; this is also one of the most important contributions of nursing. Education intersects with each area of health promotion�as a primary, secondary, and tertiary health promotion strategy.
Immunizations
Edward Jenner is credited with being the father of immunology because he was the first person to successfully develop a vaccination in 1798
Nurses are commonly involved in this area of health promotion by providing patient education regarding immunization
Screening
secondary prevention strategy; the goal is for disease detection in the early stages of the disease process.