chronic disease
an illness that is prolonged, does not resolve spontaneously and rarely cured
cardiovascular disease
CVD, disease of the heart and blood vessels
ideal cardiovascular health
the absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of certain behavioral and health factor metrics
behaviors
not smoking, sufficient physical act, healthy diet pattern, appropriate bal of energy and normal body weight
health factors
having optimal total cholesterol without medication, having optimal blood pressure without medication, having optimal blood glucose
cardiovascular system
organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels that transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body
atria/ atrium
the heart's two upper chambers, receive blood
ventricles
the hearts two lower chambers that pump blood through the blood vessels
arteries
vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other regions of the body
veins
vessels that carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body
how many deaths in the world are from CVD
30%
Sinoatrial node
SA node cluster of electric pulse generating cells that serves as a natural pacemaker for the heart
systolic blood pressure
upper fraction in measure of blood pressure, pressure of walls of arteries when heart contracts
diastolic blood pressure
lower fraction number in measure of blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of he arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity
prehypertension
blood pressure is above normal, but not yet in the hypertension range
arteriosclerosis
general term for thickening and hardening arteries
atherosclerosis
condition characterized by deposits of fatty substances on inner lining of artery
plaque
buildup of deposits in the arteries
normal blood pressure
<120/<80
prehypertension blood pressure
120-139/80-89
hypertension
stage 1 140-159/90-99
stage 2 >160/>100
__ of adults aged 20 + have
cholesterol levels above or at 200 mg/dL. 45%
ischemia
reduced oxygen supply to a body part or organ
peripheral artery disease
deposits of fatty substances occurring in the lower extremities
coronary heart disease
a narrowing of small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
myocardial infarction; heart attack
blockage of normal blood supply to an area in the heart
angina pectoris
chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart
arrhythmia
an irregularity in heart beat
fibrillation
sporadic, quivering pattern of heartbeat that results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system
congestive heart failure
an abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow; pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissues.
stroke
a condition occurring when the brain is damaged by disrupted blood supply; elevated risk for young men
aneurysm
weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and in severe cases burst
transient ischemic attacks
brief interruption of the blood supply to the brain that causes only temp impairment often an indication of impending major stroke
cardiometabolic risks
risk factors that impact both the cardio system and the body's biochem metabolic processes
metabolic syndrome
group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increases person's risk of heart diseas stroke and diabetes
abdonminal obesity
weight measures more than 40 inches/ 35 women
elevated blood fat
triglycerides greater than 150
low levels of HDL
less than 40 in men and 50 in women
elevated blood pressure
greater than 135/85
cig smokers are
4 times more likely to develop CHD than nonsmokers
doubles a person's risk of a smoke
10 times more likely than non smokers to develop peripheral vascular diseases
modifiable risks
avoid tobacco, cut back on sat fat and cholesterol, maintain a healthy weight, exercise regularly, control diabetes, control blood pressure, manage stress
nonmodifiable risks
race and ethnicity, hereditary, age, and gender
weapons against CVD
medications- statins, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers
electrocardiogram
a record of the electrical activity of the heart; may be measured during a stress test
angiography
a technique for examining blockages in heart arteries
coronary bypass surgery
a surgical technique whereby a blood vessel taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery
angioplasty
a technique in which a catheter with a balloon at the tip is inserted into a clogged artery, the balloon is inflated to flatten fatty deposits against artery walls and stent is typically inserted to keep the artery open
thrombolysis
injection of an agent to dissolve clots and resotre some blood flow, thereby reduing the amount of tissue that dies from ischemia
5 year survival rates
the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are all alive in 5 years after they were diagnosed with or treated for cancer
remission
a temporary or permanent period when a cancer is responding to treatment and under control, this often leads to the disappearance of the signs and symptoms of cancer
cancer
a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled abnormal cellular development
neoplasm
a new growth of tissue that serves the physiological function and results from uncontrolled abnormal cellular development
tumor
a neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
malignant
very dangerous or harmful; refers to cancerous tumor
benign
harmless; refers to a noncancerous cell
biopsy
microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present
metastia
process by which cancer spreads form one area to different areas of the body`
mutant cells
cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells
cancer staging
a classification system that describes how far a person's disease has advanced
carcinogens
cancer-causing agents
stage 0
early cancer when abnormal cells remain only in he place they originated
stage I
higher number indicate more extensive disease
stage II
larger tumor size and or spread of cancer
stage III
nearby lymph nodes and or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor
stage IV
cancer has spread to other organs
4 types of cancer
carcinomas- tissues covering the body surfaces and lining of most body surfaces, solid tumors
sarcomas- mesodermal or middle layers of tissue- bones or muscles, blood, solid tumors
lymphomas- develops in lymphatic system- infection fighting regions of the
lung cancer
leading cause of cancer deaths for both men and women in US, 90% could be prevented without smoking
colorectal cancers
third most common cancer in both men and women
skin cancer
the most common form of cancer in the US, basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas- highly curable
malignant melonoma
a virulent cancer of the melanocytes of the skin
ABCD rule
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter
prostate cancer
most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males today, second leading cause of cancer deaths
prostate specific antigen
an antigen found in prostate cancer patients
Ovarian cancer
fifth leading cause of cancer deaths for women
pap test
procedure which cells taken from the cervical region are examined for abnormal activity
testicular cancer
most common types of solid tumors found in young adult men
pancreatic cancer
deadly and on the rise, deadliest form of cancer, 6% surviving in 5 year. aa rates highest
magnetic resonance imaging
a device that uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to generate an image of internal tissues of the body for diagnostic purposes without the use of radiation
computed tomography scan
(CT scan) by a machine that uses radiation to view internal organs not normally visible on x-ray images
sterotactic radiosurgery
a type of radiation therapy that can be used to zap tumors also known as gamma knife surgery
radiotherapy
use of radiation to kill cancerous cells
chemotherapy
use of drugs to kill cancerous cells
immunotherapy
enhances body's own disease-fighting mechanisms
diabetes mellitus
a group of diseases characterized by elevated blood glucose levels
hyperglycemia
elevated blood glucose level
pancreas
organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and hormones, including insulin, into the bloodstream
insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreas and required by body cells for the uptake and storage of gucose
type 1 diabetes
form of diabetes mellitus in which the pancreas is not able to make insulin and therefore blood glucose cannot enter the cells to be used for energy
type 2 diabetes
pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use insulin correctly
insulin resistance
state in which the body cells fail to respond to the effects of insulin; obesity increases the risk that cells will become insulin resistant
pre-diabetes
condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes
gestational diabetes
form of diabetes mellitus in which women who have never had diabetes previously have high blood sugar levels during pregnancy
symptoms of diabetes
thirst, excessive urination, weight loss, fatigue, nerve damage, blurred vision, poor wound healing and increased infection
lifestyle changes can improve glucose levels
weight loss, adopting a healthy diet, increasing physical fitness
losing 5-7% body weight
can cause significant reductions in blood glucose levels and prevent diabetes