Counseling Theories

Unconsciousness

Psychoanalytic theory calls attn to psycho dynamic factors that motivate behavior & focuses on role of ____

behavior

Our ____ is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological & instinctual drives

First 6 years of life

Our instinctual drives evolve through psycho sexual stages...

Libido

At first termed as sexual energy by Freud then changed to include all life instincts

Life instincts

Survival of person and human race; oriented toward growth, development & creativity

Gaining pleasure and avoiding pain

According to Freud what is everyone's life goal

Death instinct

Accounts for the aggressive drive, when people manifest an unconscious wish to die or hurt them self or others

Sexual & aggressive drives

What Freud says are powerful determinants why people act the way they do

Id, ego & superego

Freud's structure of personality

Id

Freudian personality structure that primary source of psychic energy, the chair of instincts

Id

Freudian personality structure that lacks organization is blind, demanding & insistent. Also can't tolerate tension

Id

Illogical, amoral, drive to satisfy instinctual needs, never matures, no thinking just wishes and acts

Id

Largely unconscious or out of awareness

Ego

Freudian personality structure Executive that governs, controls & regulates the personality

Ego

Controls consciousness, exercises censorship, rules by reality principle, formulates realistic plans of action to satisfy needs

Ego

Checks and controls id's blind impulses, distinguishes between mental images and things in the external world

Super Ego

Freudian personality structure is the judicial branch of personality, functions to inhibit id, includes moral code, good, bad, right or wrong. Strives for perfection instead of pleasure

Super Ego

Related to psychological rewards (pride & self love) and punishments (guilt & inferiority)

Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious

1. Dreams. 2. Slips of the tongue & forgetting. 3. Post hypnotic suggestion. 4. Info from free-association techniques. 5. Projective techniques. and 6. Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms, Freud says are...

Make unconscious motives conscious

Aim of psychoanalytic therapy...

Freud says the cure is based on...

uncovering the meaning of symptoms, causes and repressed materials interfering w/ health functioning

Anxiety

dred that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, experiences that emerge to awareness

Anxiety

develops out of id, ego, & superego conflict to control psychic energy

Anxiety

It's function is to warn of impending danger

Reality anxiety

fear of danger from external world

Neurotic anxiety

fear instinct will get out of hand leading to punishment

Moral anxiety

fearing one's own conscious, guilt when doing something against their moral code

Ego-defense mechanisms

Help cope with anxiety & prevent ego from being over whelmed

Ego-defense mechanism-Repression

Negative thoughts & feelings excluded from awareness, unconscious buried events that influence later behavior

Ego-defense mechanism-Denial

Ignoring existence of a reality, simplest of all mechanisms distorts what the person thinks, feels or perceives in a traumatic event

Ego-defense mechanism-Reaction formation

expressing opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse, by doing this don't have to face the anxiety that would result if they were to recognize these dimensions of them selves

Ego-defense mechanism-Projection

blaming others for ones own unacceptable desires & impulses, self deception, "it's them not me.

Ego-defense mechanism-Displacement

direct energy toward another person (safer) when the original (threatening) is inaccessible

Ego-defense mechanism-Rationalization

Manufacturing reasons to explain a bruised ego, helps justify specific behaviors.

Ego-defense mechanism-Sublimation

Diverting sex or aggressive energy into other channels, divert into socially acceptable sometimes admirable channels.

Ego-defense mechanism-Regression

Going back to a earlier phase because there's fewer demands, severe stress or challenges people may attempt to cope with anxiety by clinging to inappropriate & immature behavior

Ego-defense mechanism-Introjection

Adopting the values & standards of others, danger of this is accepting values of the enemy by identifying with them

Ego-defense mechanism-Identification

People hoping they will be perceived as worthwhile when joining successful causes. Can enhance self worth, protect from being a failure, used by people feeling inferior

Ego-defense mechanism-Compensation

Hide weaknesses or develop positive traits to make up for limitations.

Psychoanalytic approach

which approach therapist assumes anonymous stance "blank screen" approach with very little disclosure, client makes projections onto them

Psychoanalytic approach

which approach therapist must 1st est a working relationship with client then do a lot of listening & interpreting particular attn given to clients resistances

Central function of psychoanalysis

teach clients meaning of the processes so they achieve insight into their problems, increase awareness of ways to change & gain more control over their lives

Psychoanalytic therapy

which therapy must the client be willing to commit themselves to an intensive and long term therapy process

Free association

client says whatever comes to mind without self censorship report feelings, experiences, associations, memories, & fantasies

Psychoanalytic therapy

therapy the client must agree to talk because their verbal productions are @ the heart of this therapy

Contemporary psychoanalytic therapy

counselor has impact on client & on present interaction occurring in the therapy context, highlights relationship as THE factor that brings about change

Transference

client unconsciously shifts feelings &/or fantasies that are reactions to past significant others

Working through

doing this consist of an exploration of unconscious material & defenses, most of which originated in childhood

Counter-transference

when therapist projects distortions onto clients &/or respond in irrational ways or lose objectivity when their own conflicts are triggered

Counter-transference

a therapist with a relationship perspective will pay attn to their ____ reactions & observations to a client then uses it as a part of therapy to help the client gain self-understanding

How is psychodynamic therapy different than traditional psychoanalysis

geared 2 ltd objectives than 2 restructuring 1's personality; couch is < likely; >use of supportive interventions, reassurance, empathy, support, & suggestions; >disclosure by therapist; fewer sessions

6 basic techniques of psychoanalytic therapy

maintain analytic framework; free association; interpretation; dream analysis; analysis of resistance; analysis of transference

Interpretation

counselor pointing out, explaining, even teaching client meaning of behavior manifested in dreams, free association, resistance & therapy relationship itself

Dream analysis

important for uncovering unconscious material & giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems

Latent dreams

hidden, symbolic, unconscious motives, wishes & fears, sometimes so painful & threatening they are transferred 2 >acceptable manifest dreams

Manifest dreams

dream as it appears to the dreamer

Dreams

serve as a pathway to repressed material but also provide an understanding of clients current functioning

Resistance

anything that works against progress of therapy & prevents client from producing previous unconscious material, specifically clients reluctance

Jung

was once considered Freud's spiritual heir developed theory of personality markedly different from Freud

Jung

which theorists analytical psychology is an elaborate explanation from history, mythology, anthropology & religion

Jung

who developed a spiritual approach emphasis on being impelled to find meaning in life rather than driven by psychological & biological forces described by Freud

Jung's individuation

harmonious integration of the conscious & unconscious aspects of personality; is an innate & primary goal

Ego psychology

stresses on psychosocial development through the lifespan or exposes the ego striving for mastery thru out human life span

Jung's archetypes

images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious

Jung's archetypes

the persona, the anima & animus, & the shadow

Jung's persona archetype

a mask, or public face, that we wear to protect ourselves

Jung's animus & anima archetype

represent both the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are thought to coexist in both sexes

Jung's shadow archetype

deepest roots and is the most dangerous and powerful, represents our dark side, the thoughts, feelings and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward

Object relations theory

form of analytic treatment involves exploration of internal unconscious identities & internalization of external objects i.e. aspects of significant other people

Object" or "drive

term used by Freud for that which satisfies a need

Self psychology

emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships to develop our sense of self

Relational model

therapy that's an interactive process between client & therapist

Contemporary relational therapists

which therapists challenge whats considered the authoritarian nature of traditional psychoanalytics & replace it w/a >human equality model

Normal infantile autism

Mahler calls the first 3 or 4 weeks of life @ this point infant is responding >2 physiological tension than psychological processes

Symbiosis

Mahlers phase recognizable by the 3rd mos extends through the 8th mos infant has a pronounced dependency on mom who is clearly a partner not just an interchangeable part

Separation-individuation

Mahler's process begins in the 4th or 5th mos child moves away from symbiotic forms of relating, experiences separation from significant others yet still turns to them for a sense of confirmation and comfort

Narcissistic character & self esteem disorders

According to Mahler children who don't experience the opportunity to idealize others while also taking pride in themselves may later suffer from

Borderline personality disorder

According to Mahler these are people that have moved into the separation process but have been thwarted by parental rejection of their individuation; usually in-stable, irritable, self destructive, impulsive anger & extreme mood shifts

separation-individuation

Mahlers final sub phase involves a move toward constancy of self and object, pronounced by 36th mos of life, others are more fully seen as separate from the self

Splitting

when a person (esp a child) can't keep 2 contradictory thoughts or feelings in mind @ the same time therefore keeps them apart focusing on just 1 of them.

separation-individuation

borderline" conditions are rooted during this Mahler period

Brief psycho dynamic therapy (BPT)

uses psycho dynamic theory to treat selective disorders w/i a pre est time i.e.10-15 sessions, therapist takes active role quickly formulating therapy going beneath surface of presenting problems & treating underlying issues.

Brief psycho dynamic therapy (BPT)

some goals might include: conflict resolution, >access to feelings, increase choice possibilities, improve relationships & symptom remission

Psychoanalytic approach

which approach is particularly useful in understanding resistance i.e. canceled appt's, fleeing early, failure to engage & refusal to look at oneself

Psychoanalytic approach

which approach is particularly useful in understanding unfinished business can be worked through so client can provide a new ending to emotionally crippling events

Psychoanalytic approach

which approach is particularly useful in understanding value and role of transference

Psychoanalytic approach

which approach is particularly useful in understanding how the overuse of ego defenses in counseling relationship and in daily life can keep clients from functioning effectively

Psychoanalytic approach

Along with Jung which approach to theory did Adler take

Alfred Adlers key concept

Humans are motivated primarily by social relatedness rather than sex urges; behavior is purposeful, goal directed & consciousness >than unconsciousness is the focus of therapy

Alfred Adlers key focus

inferior feeling which can be the wellspring of creativity, motivate us to strive for mastery, success & completion

Alfred Adler

who was the 1st systemic theorist who maintained its essential to understand people within the system which they live

Phenomenological

Adlerians attempt to view the world from the clients subjective frame of reference. How people perceive their world, thoughts, feelings, values, beliefs, convictions & conclusions

Which approaches use phenomenological perspective

existential therapy, person-centered, Gestalt, cognitive behavioral, reality & postmodern approaches

Individual psychology

what did Adler name his approach (not the same as his theory)

Holistic concept

implies we cant be understood in parts, ALL aspects of ourselves must be understood

Fictional finalism

aka "guiding self ideal" & "goal of perfection" is people living by an imaginary concept that refers to a central goal guiding a personal behavior

Teleological

Adler replaced deterministic explanations with ____, meaning a more purposive goal oriented approach

Fictional finalism

the guiding self ideal represents an individuals image of goal perfection for which they strive in any situation

Adlers term lifestyle or "style of life

a persons core beliefs, assumptions that guide their movements thru life & organize their reality

Adlers term lifestyle

our perceptions regarding self, others, world; persons way of thinking, acting, feeling, living & striving toward long term goals

1st six years of life

Adler says our unique style is created primarily during which life span

Adlers "social interest

an ACTION line of ones community feeling involves + attitude toward other people in the world, capacity to cooperate & contribute

Adlers "community feeling

being connected to all of humanity, being involved with making the world better

Adlers 3 basic universal life tasks we must master

building friendships, establish intimacy, & contribute to society

Mosak & Dreikurs added onto Adlers 3 basic universal life tasks

self acceptance & developing our spiritual dimension

Adlerian emphasis

relations within family are our earliest & perhaps most influential social system

Main aim in Adlerian therapy

develop clients sense of belonging, assist adopting behaviors for community feeling & social interest

Goal of Adlerian therapy

assist clients understand their unique lifestyle help to think about self, others & the world to meet tasks of life with courage & social interest, DO NOT view clients as sick

Adlerian counseling process

focuses on providing info, teaching, guiding & offering encouragement to discouraged clients

Adlerian therapist

look for major mistakes in thinking & valuing such as mistrust, selfishness, unrealistic ambition & lack of confidence

Adlerians

assume a non pathological perspective, don't label clients by their diagnosis

Family constellation questionnaire

how do Adlerians gather lifestyle info, frm this assess areas of success, failure & critical influences client has assumed in the world

ER's (early recollections)

stories of events person says occurred b4 10y.o. used by Adlerians 2get a better understanding, learning goals, motivations of the client part of lifestyle assessment when completed gives targets of therapy

Adlerian dream interpretation

considered useful in assessment viewed as rehearsal of possible future courses of action

Act

Adlerians c feelings aligned 2 thinking as fuel 4 behavior...first we think, then we feel then we ____

Four phases of Adlerian technique

Est proper therapeutic relationship, explore psychological dynamics, encourage self understanding/insight, reorientation & reeducation

Time limited therapy

Adlerian approach is suited to be a brief ___ ___ ____

Carl Rogers basic assumptions

people r essentially trustworthy; have vast potential 4 understanding self, resolving their problems w/o intervention; capable of self directed growth

Self-change

Rogers is revolutionary by proposing theory centered on client as the agent for what

Existential, person-centered & Gestalt therapy

60's & 70's growing interest in a 3rd force therapy alternative to psychoanalytic & behavioral approach's, these fit that bill

Person-centered therapy

key concept when therapists are able to communicate their realness, support, caring & non-judgemental understanding significant changes in the client >likely 2 occur

Person-centered therapist attributes (aka core conditions)

congruence (genuine realness); unconditional + regard (acceptance, caring); accurate empathetic understanding

Person-centered

theory that people have an innate drive toward progressive self growth to achieve self actualization is ___ ___ therapy

Rogers "two types of self

Ideal (what you should be like) & real (contained actualizing tendency)

Person-centered therapist

focuses on constructive side of human nature, what right w/ them, their assets. Emphasis how client acts toward world w/ others; how 2 move fwd constructive direction; successfully encounter obstacles blocking growth

Person-centered therapeutic process

aims toward client achieving >degree of independence & integration, focus is on the person not the problem

Person-centered therapeutic process

to provide a climate of helping people become a fully functional person, client defines & clarifies their own goals, therapists don't set the goals

Rogers reason client seeks therapy

feeling of basic helplessness, powerlessness & inability to make decisions or effectively direct their own lives

Clients experience in person-centered therapy

soon learn they can be responsible for themselves in relationship & can learn to be freer by using client/therapist relationship to gain >self understanding

Rogers found people become actualized by

openness to experience; trust themselves; internal source of evaluation; willingness to continue growth

Therapeutic core conditions

if the ___ ___ ___ exist, in time constructive personality change will occur, Rogers says they are necessary & sufficient 4 chng 2 occur

Empathy

not sympathy or feeling sorry but helping client pay attn, value their experience c earlier experiences in new ways, modify perceptions & increase confidence

Accurate empathy

the cornerstone of the person-centered approach

Simply by restating what the client said

in person-centered approach how does the therapist grasp the clients world & reflect this understanding

Ability to establish a strong connection with the client

THE critical factor determining successful counseling outcomes in person-centered counseling

Presence, engagement & absorption (with client)

in person-centered approach items essential for clients progress is the therapist...

Skills like listening, accepting, respecting, understanding & responding

proves presence is far >powerful than any technique used to bring about change

Role of assessment in person-centered therapy

what matters in not how the counselor assesses the client but the clients self assessment

Our techniques are only helpful if

the client sees them as relevant & credible

Person-centered approach is especially applicable in crisis intervention because

when people are in crisis one of the 1st steps is to give them the opportunity to fully express themselves

Person-centered technique of sensitive listening, hearing, & understanding esp helps

ground people in crises, calm them in turmoil & enables clear thinking for better decisions

Define person-centered approaches "way of being

an effective therapist that is grounded, centered, genuine, present, focused, patient & accepting in a way involving maturity

Carl Rogers attitude of confrontation with the client

the use of confrontation is a special skill of person-centered therapists

Were existentialist and humanist disagree

one says we are faced w/ anxiety to create an i.d. in a world lacking intrinsic meaning, the other each of us has innate potential in finding meaning