Psychoanalysis
the oldest major form of therapy; it is both a form of therapy and a theory of personality; a major criticism is that it cannot be tested. The basic premise of psychoanalysis is that techniques which could produce cathartic material were highly therapeuti
Joseph Breuer
a Viennese neurologist who taught Freud the value of the talking care (catharsis); Anna O. was his patient
structural theory of psychoanalysis
id, ego & superego are hypothetical constructs used to explain the function of personality
topographic hypothesis
unconscious, preconscious & conscious - the mind has depth like an iceberg
Freud's 5 psychosexual stages
oral (birth-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6) - Oedipus conflict, latency (6-puberty) - sexual drive seems hidden, sexual interests replaced by social interests such as sports, learning & hobbies, only stage not primarily psychosexual in nature; and genital (
Oedipus/Electra complex
a child's libido is directed toward the parent of the opposite sex, but is aware that retaliation would result is s/he acted on these impulses. A child strives for identification with the parents of the same sex to achieve vicarious sexual satisfaction.
transference
the client displaces emotion felt toward a parent onto the analyst; a form of projection, displacement & repitition
ego
the "reality principle"; the executive administrator/mediator of the personality; controls the impulses from the id (instincts) and the superego (the conscience); houses the individual's identity. The ego uses ego defense mechanisms to control personality
id
the "pleasure principle"; the seat of the libido; instincts
superego
the "ego ideal"; composed of values, moral & ideals of parents, caretakers & society. The superego punishes the ego via guilt if the id is able to act on impulses.
Eros
in psychoanalysis: Greek God of the love of life; self-preservation
Thanatos
the Greek work for death; death wish/death instinct
free association
psychoanalytic technique, completely indirective; the client is instructed to say whatever comes to mind
dream work
dream work consists of deciphering the hidden meaning of the dream (symbolism) so the individual can be aware of unconscious motives, impulses, desires & conflicts
2 contents of dreams
1) manifest content - surface meaning of dreams; 2) latent content - hidden meaning of dreams
Anna O.
Joseph Brueur treated in the 1880s, first psychoanalytic patient; she suffered from hysteria; in hypnosis she would remember painful events; talking brought about catharsis
hysteria
symptoms without an organic basis
Little Hans
child feared going into streets & being bitten by horses; Freud explained by Oedipus complex & castration anxiety; antithesis to Little Albert
Daniel Paul Scohreber
a famous psychoanalytic case; he spent 9 years in a mental hospital & wrote "Memoirs of a Mental Patient"; he had the delusion that he would be transformed into a woman, become God's mate & produce a healthier race. Freud thought he might be struggling wi
psychodynamic therapy
makes use of analytic principles, but utilizes fewer session per week, does not utilize the couch & is performed face-to-face
catharsis/abreaction
Freud & Breuer - highly charged repressed emotions which were released during the hypnotic process; catharsis used to connote mild purging of emotion; abreaction is when a repressed emotional outburst is very powerful and violent.
parapraxis
slips of the tongue; Freud called "the psychopathology of everyday life
conscious mind
aware of the immediate environment
preconscious mind
capable of bringing ideas, thoughts, and images into awareness with minimal difficulty; can assess information from the conscious and unconscious mind
unconscious mind
composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client; fears are the result of an unconscious process
ego defense mechanisms
unconscious processes which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands; unconscious strategies which distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect self-image
repression
the most important defense mechanism; serves to protect the person and "help him/her through the distasteful incident at the time", can cause emotional problems later in life; a client needs to recall the repressed memory & make it conscious so it can be
reaction formation
when a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behave in the opposite manner (a person subconsciously wants an elderly person to die, so tends to their every need)
denial
aka "suppression", failing to face reality. It is similar to repression, but unlike repression, is a conscious act.
sublimation
when a person acts on an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way (a man who unconsciously wants to hurt people becomes a football player)
rationalization
an intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings; a client will tend to interpret his thoughts & feelings in a positive or favorable manner
sweet lemons rationalization
overrates a reward; evident when someone tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is.
sour grapes rationalization
underrates a reward to protect self from a bruised ego (e.g., "I didn't really want it anyway")
displacement
occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target (e.g. a man who is angry at his boss comes home and kicks the family dog)
introjection
when a child takes a parent's or significant other's values as his/her own (e.g. a sexually abused child attempts to sexually abuse other children)
identification
person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that s/he will be perceived as worthwhile or successful; or identification with another person serves to lower the fear or anxiety toward that person
projection
a person attributes unacceptable qualities or his/her own to others
compensation
individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation (i.e., a perceived inferiority). The person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positives than the negative factors.
wish fulfillments
Freud - dreams & slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments
totem
an object that represents a family or group
the primal scene
psychoanalytic concept; a young child witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a parent; whether real or imagined, provides impetus for later neurosis
regression
Freud - a client who returns to an earlier stage in development
dread of incest
Freud thought this was not instilled merely via modern social sanctions, because even primitive people feared incest
transference neurosis
the client is attached to the counselor as is s/he is a substitute parent
countertransference
evident when the counselor's strong feelings or attachment ot the client are strong enough to hinder the treatment process
neo-Freudians
stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and interpersonal (social) relations; neo-Freudians include Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm)
symptoms substitution
if you merely deal with the symptom, another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind
depth psychology
treatment based on Freud's topographic hypothesis (conscious, preconscious, unconscious)
Analytic Psychology
Carl Gustav Jung; a psychodynamic approach
logos
logic; men operate on the logic/logos principle
eros
in analytic psychology: intuition; women operate from the eros principle
mandalas
the self is symbolized via the mandala; Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients & dreams; in Hindu writings, a mandala is a symbol of meditations; Jung - mandalas can also stand for a magic protective circle that
introversion
a turning in of the libido; an introverted individual is his/her own primary source of pleasure; inward directedness
extroversion
tendency to find satisfaction & please in other people; extroverts seek external rewards; outward directedness
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Jungian, most widely used measure of personality preferences & dispositions; 1) Extroverted/Introverted; 2) Sensing (currently perceptions)/Intuition (future abstractions & possibilities); 3) Thinking/Feelings; 4) Judging (organizing & controlling the out
collective unconscious
Jungian concept; all humans have "collected" universally inherited, unconscious neural patterns
anima
feminine side; society caused men to deny this; individuals are androgynous
animus
masculine side; society caused women to deny this; individuals are androgynous
archetype
the collective unconscious which is passed from generation to generation; a primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to all men & women (e.g., the cross); certain archetypes have appeared in fables, myths, dreams & religious writings since the
shadow
behind the mask/persona, which contains id-like material; the dark side of the personality; encompasses everything an individual refuses to acknowledge; nature of the shadow evident in dreams & projection; therapy renders shadow behaviors conscious
the persona
Jung - the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self
Konrad Lorenz
instinct theoriest; aggressiveness is part of our evolution and necessary for our survival; individuals need to utilize catharsis to get our anger out, using methods such as competitive sports
Behaviorism
the environment controls behavior; stresses contracting and de-emphasizes transference
empiricism
John Locke - a forerunner to behaviorism; experience is the source for acquiring knowledge
reinforcement theory
Skinner - elaborated on Edward Thorndike's law of effect; responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.
associationism
philosophy that ideas are held together by association; pioneers included John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, David Hartly; behaviorism grew out of associationism
Andrew Salter
Father of behavioral therapy, created assertiveness training and a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy; behavioristic theory of hypnosis & autohypnosis
John Watson
pioneered American behaviorism; he and Rosalie Rayner conditional Little Albert to be afraid of fury objects; notion that fear is learned
baseline
indicates the frequency of the behavior prior to or in the absence of treatment
classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov - deals with reflexes and respondent behaviors
unlearned association
an association that naturally exists
acquisition period
the time it takes to learn or acquire a new behavior
reinforcers
tend to increase the proabability that a behavior will occur
positive reinforcement
something is added following an operant
negative reinforcement
something is taken away after a behavior occurs
secondary reinforcer
a neutral stimulus, such as a plastic token, which becomes reinforcing by association; can be exchanged for primary (actual) reinforcers
punishment
lowers the probability that a behavior will occur, temporarily suppresses it
positive punishment
something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases
negative punishment
stimulus is removed following a behavior and the response decreases
unconditioned stimulus
Pavlov - the meat in the dog experiment
conditioned stimulus
Pavlov - the bell in the dog experiment
time interval for classical conditioning
most effective time interval (temporal relation) between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is a half-second
delay conditioning
when the conditioned stimulus is delayed until the unconditioned stimulus occurs
trace conditioning
when the conditioned stimulus terminates before the occurrence of the unconditioned stiumulus
backward conditioning
the unconditioned stimulus is placed before the conditioned stimulus; ineffective technique
stimulus generalization/second-order conditioning
occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus produces the same reaction; Pavlov termed this irradiation
stimulus discrimination/differentiation
the learning process is fine-tuned to respond to only a specific stimulus
experimental neurosis
when the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are almost identical, the subject will show signs of emotional disturbance
extinction (Pavlov)
occurs when the conditioned stimulus in not reinforced via the unconditioned stimulus; the conditioned response is inhibited (suppressed, but not eliminated)
spontaneous recovery
if the subject is given a rest, the conditioned response will reappear, though it will be weaker
extinction (Skinner)
connotes that reinforcement is withheld and eventually the behavior will be extinguished (eliminated)
response burst/extinction burst
when using extinction, the behavior will get worse before it gets better; temporary increase in the frequency of the behavior
chaining
a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response is to occur; simple behaviors are learned and then chained so that a complex behavior can take place; a series of operants joined together by reinforcers
behavior therapy
Pavlovian; classical conditioning
behavioral modification strategies
Skinnerian; operant conditioning
law of effect/trail-and-error learning
Edward Thorndike - satisfying association related to a given behavior will cause it to be "stamped in", while those associated with annoying consequences are "stamped out"; practice must yield a reward for effective learning to take place
Mary Cover Jones
learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction
continuous schedule of reinforcement
a behavior modifier reinforcer every behavior
intermittent schedule of reinforcement
(aka partial reinforcement or thinning); does not enforce every desirable action; target behavior is only reinforced after the behavior manifests itself several time or for a given time interval (interval/ratio)
operant
Skinner - any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulus
respondents
Skinner - the consequence of a known stimulus
learned helplessness
Martin E.P. Seligman - a pattern in which a person is exposed to situations that s/he is powerless to change and then begins to believe s/he has no control over the environment; individual can easily become depressed
fixed-action pattern (FAP)
will result whenever a releaser in the environment is present (e.g., ritualistic behaviors)
higher order conditioning
when a new stimulus is paired with the conditioned stimulus and the new stimulus takes on the power of the conditioned stimulus
biofeedback temperature trainer
extremely precise thermometer; can train a client to raise hand temperature
Neal Miller
His experiment showed that autonomic bodily processes could be controlled; therapists use biofeedback to do this
biofeedback devices
used primarily to teach clients to relax or to control autonomic nervous system functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature
electromyogram (EMG)
measures muscle tension; a therapist would use this when a client is tensing a given muscle group in biofeedback
electroencephalogram (EEG)
monitors brain waves, especially alpha waves; alpha state is awake, but extremely relaxed
electrocardiogram (EKG)
provides data on the heart
progressive muscle relaxation
Edmund Jacobson developed a relaxation technique in which muscle groups are alternately tensed and relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation
galvanic skin response (GSR)
provides electric skin resistance; biofeedback technique, correlated with emotion.
Premack principle
allowing an individual to engage in certain responses can be used as a reinforcer; of any pair of responses or activities in which an individual engages, the more frequent one will reinforce the less frequent one; a lower-probability behavior (e.g., study
fixed schedule of reinforcement
reinforcement always takes place after a fixed time or number of responses; fixed interval & fixed ratio
variable schedule of reinforcement
an average number of responses or times may be used; variable ratio & variable interval
variable ratio
the most difficult schedule of reinforcement to extinguish (e.g., slot machines)
token economies
agencies that use tokens as a system of behavior modification; a token is a secondary reinforcer
back-up reinforcer
an item or activity which can be purchased using token; often unconditioned (e.g., candy bar)
covert
a behavior that is not observable; covert process in behavior therapy is a client's thought or visualization
overt
an observable behavior; "in vivo" treatment is a direct treatment of observable behavior
aversive conditioning
pair behavior with an aversive stimulus to reduce satisfaction of the behavior
BASIC ID
Arnold Lazarus (strong behavioral slant) - 7 key modalities or areas of the client's funcitoning; B = behavior including acts, habits & reactions; A = affective responses such as emotions, feelings & moods; S = sensations; I = images/the way we perceive o
systematic desensitization
Joseph Wolpe; used when trying to weaken (desensitize) a client's response to anxiety-producing stimuli; technique for curing phobic reactions, anxiety, & avoidance responses to innocuous situations; a form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical
subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform systematic desensitization; a client uses introspection to rate the anxiety of imagined situations 1-100
fixed role therapy
George A. Kelly - a client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role; client reads script 3 times per day and acts, thinks, and verbalizes like the person in the script; "psychology of personal constructs
behavioral rehearsal
a counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations; counselor may also switch roles & model behavior
interposition
a perceptual term which implies that one item conceals another (e.g., in desensitization in imagination, the relaxation obscures the anxiety of the imagined scene in the hierarchy)
in vivo
a client will actually expose him/herself to the scary situation in the hierarchy; should not begin in vivo exposure until the client is desensitized to 75% of the hierarchy
sensate focus
Masters and Johnson - behavioral sex therapy; a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing (to lower anxiety levels) on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible (counterconditioning)
orgone box
William Reich - thought that repeated sexual gratification was necessary for the cure of emotional maladies; clients would sit on orgone box to increase orgone life energy
cover sensitization
imagining averse reaction to undesired behavior and pleasant reaction to desired behavior
implosive therapy
T.G. Stampfl - desensitization technique; always conducted using the imagination & sometimes relies on psychoanalytic symbolism; it does not necessarily utilize relaxation or introduce feared stimuli gradually; assumes that avoiding the fear serves to int
flooding
(aka "deliberate exposure with response prevention); when a client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus (in vivo) for an extended peroid of time; effective for agoraphobia and OCD. Flooding does not necessarily utilize relaxation; assumes that avoi
radical behaviorism
Skinner - operant or instrumental conditioning; assumes that the environment maintains & supports behavior and that only overt behaviors are the subject of treatment (aka applied behavioral analysis or S-R paradigm)
shaping/successive approximation
operant behavior modification term which suggests that a behavior is gradually accomplished by reinforcing "successive steps" until the target behavior is reached
counterconditioning
behavioristic technique; goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response
cognitive restructuring (Donald Meichenbaum)
when the client begins thinking in a healthy new way using different internal dialogue; similar to REBT
Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler - psychodynamic; stresses the unique qualities we each possess; thought our lifestyle was a self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves; stressed the importance of birth order in the family constellation; Adle
will to power/striving for superiority
Adler initially felt that aggressive drives were responsible for most human behaviors; he changed this to "will to power", then concluded it was "striving for superiority" or a thirst for perfection that motivated behavior
sibling interaction
Adler thought it had more impact than parent/child interaction
social connectedness (individual psychology)
we need one another; Adler emphasized that people wished to belong
Rudolph Dreikers
student of Adler; first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice; used Adlerian principles to treat children in a school setting
inferiority/superiority
Adler thought the major psychological goal was to escape deep-seated feelings of inferiority; he emphasized the drive for superiority in his theory
firstborns
will go to great lengths to please their parents
second child
will often try to compete with a firstborn child and often surpasses the first child's performance
middle child (or children)
will often feel the s/he is being treated unfairly; sometimes seen as being quite manipulative
youngest child
can be pampered or spoiled; often excel by modeling/imitating the older children's behavior
Adlerian question
the counselor asks "What would your life be like if you were functioning in an ideal manner?", then asks the client to act as if s/he didn't have the problem.
Reality Therapy
William Glasser - perception controls our behavior; focuses on the here-and-now and present behavior; assumes individual controls the environment; a plan is created to help the client master his target behaviors; assumes identity is a person's most import
choice/control theory
the only person whose behavior we can control is our own; our behavior is our best attempt to control our world to satisfy our wants & needs; reality therapy has incorporated choice/control theory
failure identity/faulty perception of reality
negative self-concept; a person who is irresponsible and frustrated in an attempt to feel loved and worthwhile; dwelling on past failures can reinforce this identity
success identity
the results of being loved and accepted; the person feels worthy and significant to others; client assumes responsibility for his/her own happiness by learning to fulfill personal needs without depriving others of their need fulfillment
Reality Therapy & diagnosis
Reality Therapy rejects the traditional medical model of disease; it doesn't use formal diagnostic processes; believes diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible
Schools Without Failure
Glasser's Reality Therapy book that was popularized in education circles; he also wrote "Choice Theory" and "Positive Addiction
8 steps of reality therapy
1) therapist makes friends with the client; 2) focus on present moment behavior; 3) help the client to evaluate his/her current behavior; 4) develop a contract with an action plan; 5) have the client commit to the plan; 6) accept no excuses; 7) the counse
positive addiction
a noncompetitive activity which can be performed alone for about 1 hour each day; the client needs to be able to see that performing the activity will lead to personal improvement; and client needs to be capable of performing the activity without becoming
contracting
the client has input before signing or agreeing with the contract; used in directive approaches
paraphrasing
a counselor restates a client's message in the counselor's own words
accurate empathy
a counselor can truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing
Truax & Carkhuff
created a program to help counselings learn accurate empathy
Carkhuff scale
Robert Carkhuff - 5 point scale measuring a counselor's empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect; Level 1) not attending or detracting significantly from the client's verbal & behavioral expressions; Level 2) subtracts noticeable affect from the com
introspection
describes any process in which the client attempts to describe his/her internal thoughts, feelings & ideas
insight
making a client aware of something previous unknown; a novel sudden understanding of a problem; increases self-knowledge
resistance
a client who is fighting the helping process in any manner; (psychoanalysis) a client will be reluctant to bring unconscious ideas into the conscious mind
interpretation
when the counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client's situation; can help make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors or help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood; (psychoanalytic) the purpose of interpretation is to ma
eidetic imagery
photographic memory"; the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time; usually gone by the time a child reaches adolescence
paradoxical techniques
often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior; became popular with family therapists (Jay Haley & Miton Erikson); used by Adler & Frankl
confrontation
therapists points out discrepancies bewteen the client's verbal and nonverbal behavior; to illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of the situation; emphasized in REBT
empathy
the ability to understand a client's world and to communicate this to the client; a subjective understanding of the here-and-now; most important factor in the counseling relationship
summarization
a counselor brings together the ideas discussed during a period of dialogue; constitutes a synthesis regarding the general tone or feeling of the helping process; the ability to condense the material to capture the essence of the therapeutic exchange
pica
tendency for humans to eat objects that are not food; could be a psychological difficulty or lack of minerals in the diet
nondirective
a counselor who allows the clients to explore thoughts & feelings with a minimum of direction (e.g., Roger's Person-Centered Counseling)
directive
the therapist leads the client to discuss certain topics and provide direct suggestions about how the client act or behave (aka active therapy or active-directive)
counseling paradigm
a treatment model
concreteness
specificity; used to eliminate vague language
a directive
a suggestion
parroting
the counselor restates the client's message back verbatim; a misuse of paraphrasing
sympathy
compassion; also implies pity
Yerkes-Dodson Law
a moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance
constructivist/postmodernist therapy
realities are socially constructed (i.e., a client constructs or invents the way s/he perceives the world); there are no fixed truths in the world, only people's individuals perceptions of what constitues reality or the truth; the client and therapist hav
solution focused brief therapy (SFBT)
Steve DeShazer and Insoo Kim Berg; focuses on solutions and not on an understanding of the problemexamines what worked for the client in the past; it is a constructivist therapy
miracle question
popularized by solution focused brief therapy; brief-therapy technique in which the therapist asks, "suppose one night while you were asleep, there was a miracle and the problem was solved. How would you know? What would be different?"; allows client to l
narrative therapy
Michael White, Cheryl White, and David Epston; individuals construct their lives by stories they tell about themselves and stories other create about them; stories create meaning and this become the client's identity; counselor looks at the stories in the
personology
the study of the personality
Henry Murray
created the TAT; wrote "Explorations in Personality
Eclectic counselor
uses theories and techniques from several models of intervention, rather than simply relying on one; attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources & situation
Psychotherapy Integration (Thorne)
Frederick Thorne; uses strategies from a number of counseling schools; integrative approach assumes that using or integrating two or more theories will often produce results that are superior to a single school of therapy; true eclecticism needed to be ri
EMDR
Francine Shapiro - eye movement desensitization & reprocessing
attending
counselor is truly engaged in active listening skills; when you give your client your complete attention
verbal tracking
attending behavior that is verbal
task-facilitative behavior (in attending)
when the counselor's thoughts are in relation to the client
abstractive behavior (in attending)
when the counselor is thinking about his/her own concerns (e.g., where to go for lunch, how much money s/he is making that day)
Arthur Janov
primal scream therapy
silence
silence gives the client time to assimilate the counseling process and coaxes the client to direct the session; silence is the most threatening interaction for clients and counselors; some of the most valuable verbalizations occur after a period of silenc
bibliotherapy
the use of books and writings pertaining to self-improvement
homework
whenever a counselor gives the client an assignment which is to be done outside the counseling session
cycle of violence
Leonore Walker; 1) Tension-Building phase where arguments erupt easily, "walking on eggshells"; 2) Battering/Acute Incident phase where there is actual abuse, sexual abuse, or homicide; 3) Honeymoon phase, which is the make-up phase. As time goes by the c
Gazda
global rating scale for rating helper responses; 1.0) response does not attend to client's needs; 2.0) superficial and deal only partially with surface feelings; 3.0) does facilitate growth; limited to surface feelings, and counselor does not distort that
counseling 1950s-1980s
1950s - counseling, not testing, became the key guidance function; developmental psychology was popular; 1960s - field inundated with competing psychotherapies (gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.); 1970s - biofeedback, behavior modification, cr
phrenology
early pseudoscientific doctrine which asserts that one's personality could be determined by the shape and configuration of the skull
action phase
the process after the counseling relationship is built; some degree of directiveness is needed
consultation
can target organizational concerns or service delivery; in consultation, genuineness and respect are more important than empathy
Caplan's Psychodynamic Mental Health Consultation Model
Gerald Caplan - father of mental health consultation; consultant does not see client directly but advises the consultee (the individual in the organization who is receiving the consultant's services); controversially, consultant is ethically responsible f
Behavioral Consultation/Social Learning Model
consultant designs behavioral change for the consultee to implement
consultation models (Edgar Schein)
1) process consultation model - the consultant helps the consultee with the process; focus on the organization, not the individual client; the focus is not on the content of the problem, but on the process used to solve the problem; 2) doctor-patient mode
Triadic Consultation Model
the consultant works with a mediator to provide services to a client
social power/social influence
3 factors perceived by client determine this in a counselor: expertise, attractiveness & trustworthiness
attractiveness
positive feelings and thoughts regarding the counselor are helpful; if the client and counselor have similar experiences, counselor is seen as attractive (basis of chemical dependency model)
counselor's self-image
competence, power, and intimacy cause problems with a counselor's self-image
competence
a counselor's self-perception regarding his/her adequacy; a counselor who feels incompetent could directly or indirectly communicate this to a client
power
positive trait used to enhance the client's growth; counselor struggling with own feelings in regard to power become rigid, coercive, or even beligerant toward the client; others become overly non-directive
intimacy
counselor with personal issues around intimacy could also become extremely non-directive or afraid to confront the client due to fear of rejection
accomplishment-competence
Gerard Egan - an accomplishment (e.g., helping abate a client's depression) can impact upon a counselor's feelings of competence, or the client's perception of the helper's expertise
3 types of empathy
Allen E. Ivey - basic, substractive, and additive
basic empathy
the counselor's response is on the same level as the client's
subtractive empathy
counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated
additive empathy
adds to the client's understanding and awareness
Transactional Analysis (TA)
Eric Berne; here-and-now approach and cognitive approach; these counselors frequently use gestalt therapy in the counseling process; uses contracting
structural theory (TA)
(hypothetical construct used to explain the function of personality) 3 ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent; analogous to Freud's id, ego & superego
nurturing parent
if a child has nurturing caretakers, s/he will develop "nurturing parent" qualities, such as being nonjudgmental, caring, protective and sympathetic to others
prejudicial parent
opinionated with biases not based on fact (e.g., women should always wear dresses to work)
critical parent
master of shoulds, oughts, and musts; parent ego state is filled with prejudicial and critical messages; individuals will be intimidating, bossy, or know-it-alls
incomplete parent
caretaker left or died when the child was at an early age; could expect others to parent him/her throughout life, or might use the lack of parenting as an excuse for poor behavior (the game of Wooden Leg)
The Parent
exteropsyche"; the synthesis of messages received from parental figures and significant others incorporated into the personality
structural analysis
when the counselor analyses out of which ego state a client is primarily operating (P-A-C)
second-order structural analysis
when a counselor analyses an ego state within an ego state (e.g. Critical Parent, Nurturing Parent)
The Adult
neopsyche"; processes facts and does not focus on feelings; rational, logical
The Child
archaeopsyche
Natural Child
child ego state (TA); what the person would be naturally: spontaneous, impulsive, untrained
The Little Professor
child ego state (TA); creative and intuitive; acts on hunches, often without the necessary information
The Adapted Child
child ego state (TA); learns to comply to avoid a parental slap on the hand
injunctions
messages we receive from parents to form the ego states
complementary transaction
(TA) vectors of communication run parallel; a healthy communication transaction (e.g. I send a message form my adult to your child and get a response from you child to my adult)
crossed transaction
occur when vectors from a message sent and a message received do not run parallel (e.g. I send a message from my adult to your adult and you respond from your adult to my child)
game (TA)
a transaction with a concealed motive; prevents honest intimate discussion and one player is always left with negative feelings; games are played to avoid intimacy
ulterior transaction
when a disguised message is sent; 2 or more ego states are operating at the same time
game analysis
the act of looking at the consequences of games
life script (Claude Steiner)
in Gestalt, person develops a life plan called a life script; it is a person's ongoing drama which dictates how a person will live his/her life. 1) never scripts - a person who never feels s/he will succeed; 2) always scripts - individuals who will always
4 Basic Life Positions (Harris)
Tom Harris; Transactional Analysis uses these life positions; 1) I'm OK - You're OK - healthy life position; these people are successful winners; 2) I'm OK - You're not OK - position taken by adolescent delinquents and adult criminals; person feels victim
Karpman's triangle/drama triange
used in Transactional Analysis; 3 roles are necessary for manipulative drama: persecutor, rescuer, and victim
empty chair technique
a person imagines that another individual is in a chain in front of him/her, then the client talks to that person; popular in TA and gestalt; in gestalt, used for top dog/underdog split in personality and other opposing tendencies, such as feminine and ma
degrees of games
first degree game - harm is minimal; second degree game - the hurt is more serious; third degree game - the hurt can be permanent
rackets
unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game; a set of behaviors originating from a childhood script that are employed in a way to manipulate the environment to match the script rather than to actually solve the problem
collecting trading stamps
the experience of trying to secure these feelings (rackets)
script analysis
the process of ferreting out a client's script
Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)
Albert Ellis - active directive and cognitive behavioral form of therapy; assumes a client's emotional disturbance is the result of irrational thoughts & ideas; the client creates his/her own present emotional & behavioral difficulties; humans have an inn
Epictetus
quoted by REBT "men are disturbed not by things, but of the view which they take of them
Alfred Korzybski
founder of general semantics; Ellis based some REBT thought on him
Karen Horney
the tyrrany of the shoulds"; Ellis based some REBT thought on her
ABC theory of personality
A=activating event; B=belief system; C=emotional consequence; intervention: D=disputing the irrational behavior at B; E=a new emotional consequence/an effective new philosophy on life
musturbation
when a client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his/her thinking; "absolutist thinking
awfulizing/catasphrophizing
the act of telling yourself how terrible a given situation is; occurs at point B - the belief system
cognitive restructuring (REBT)
refuting irrational ideas & replacing them with rational ones; the process of changing your thoughts ergo your feelings via self-talk/internal verbalization (thought)
cognitive disputation
the act of changing the client's mode of thinking
imaginal disputation
imagery to help the process of cognitive disputation
behavioral disputation
REBT; the client tries to behave in a way that is markedly different than his/her normal, though undesirable pattern
declaration
internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord
rational emotive imagery
the client imagines s/he is in a situation which has traditionally caused emotional disturbance; then imagines changing the feelings via rational, logic, scientific thought
Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT)
Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. - rational self-counseling, client uses rational emotive imagery; similar to REBT, but the client performs a written self-analysis; good for substance abuse, multicultural counseling & group therapy; counselor is didactic & directiv
cognitive therapy
Aaron T. Beck - ; clients have automatic thoughts which are distortion of relatiy; depression is the result of a cognitive triad of negative beliefs regarding oneself, one's future & one's experience; similar to REBT, but dysfunctional ideas are too absol
metacognitions
an individual's tendency to be aware of his/her own cognitions or cognitive abilities
Self-Instructional Therapy
Donald Meichenbaum - a cognitive therapy; stress-innocuation technique: 1) client taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior; 2) rehearsal phase - clients are taught to rehearse new self-talk; 3) application phase - new inner dialogues att
Existentialism
rejects traditional diagnosis & assessment procedures; stresses growth and self-actualization; individuals have choices in their lives and cannot blame others or childhood circumstances for a lack of fulfillment; you can't control the environment, but you
Logotherapy
Viktor Frankl - an existential form of treatment which stresses "healing through meaning"; humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his/her life by doing a dead (i.e., accomplishment), experiencing a value (e.
I-Thou Relationship
Martin Buber - a horizontal relationship, assumes equality between persons; used by existentialists & Rogerians
vertical relationship
counselor viewed as the expert
Rollo May
introduced existentialism in the United States
Irvin Yalom
an existentialist, well-known for his group work
Karl Jaspers
an existentialist - German psychiatrist and philosopher
umwelt
existentialism, physical world (and biological system)
mitwelt
existentialism, relationship world
eigenwelt
existentialism, identity world
noogenic neurosis
existentialism, the frustration of the will-to-meaning
process of existentialism
Counselor assists the client in finding meaning in life so client can write his/her own life story by making meaningful choices. When exploring the meaning of life, some anxiety is normal. Death is not an evil concept; death is an entity which gives meani
phenomenology
existentialism, the client's internal personal experience of events
ontology
existentialism, the metaphysical study of life; the philosophy of being & existing
Person-Centered Therapy
Carl Rogers - optimistic form of therapy; considered existential or humanistic; basic notion is that human beings can self-actualize and reach their full potential in a therapeutic setting that foster growth; accurate empathy & refection of emotional cont
humanistic psychology
the third force in counseling; reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis
climate for growth
therapist helps provide a appropriate climate through the human relations core elements
human relations core
aka 3 conditions for effective helping: genuineness/congruence; unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding
genuineness/congruence
external behavior matches an internal response or state; counselor is aware of his/her own feelings & accurately expresses this to the client; the counselor's ability to be him/herself; a congruent counselor is real & authentic
unconditional positive regard
nonjudgmental acceptance or non-possessive warmth; counselor must care for the client even when the counselor is uncomfortable or disagrees with the client's position; the counselor accepts the client just the way s/he is without any stipulations
Gestalt Therapy
Fritz Perls - experiential/existential approach that focuses on the here-and-now in an attempt to help the client become whole again; Gestalt Therapy attempts to ameliorate mind/body split supposedly responsible for emotional distress; emphasis on increas
neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
Bandler & Grinder - watched Milton Erikson, Fritz Perls & Virigina Satir to discover what these therapists really did; uses reframing and anchoring
reframing
the counselor helps the client to perceive a given situation in a new light so as to produce a new emotional reaction to it
anchoring
a desirable emotional state is evoked via an outside stimulus (touch, sound, specific body motion); similar to classical conditioning or posthypnotic suggestion
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion which works after you leave the hypnotist's office
playing the projection
gestalt therapy technique, the counselor asks you to act like this person you dislike
converting questions to statements
gestalt therapy, taking responsibility for a feeling or situation through "I" statements
dream work (gestalt)
an integral part of the gestalt approach to counseling; a client is told to recount the dream "as if it is happening in the present"; dreams are the royal road to integration
exaggeration experiment
similar to paradoxical intervention; emphasized the exaggeration in regard to present moment verbal & nonverbal behavior in the here & now (e.g., "What is your left hand doing? Can you exaggerate the movement?
psychodrama
gestalt therapy uses; incorporates role-playing into the treatment process (e.g., a client might act out an especially painful incident in his/her life; Jacob Moreno pioneered psychodrama & coined the term "group therapy
retroflection
the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else
Five layers of neurosis
layers must be peeled away to reach emotional stability; 1) phony layer; 2) phobic layer - fear that others will reject hi/her uniqueness; 3) impasse layer - the person feels struck; 4) implosive layer - willingness to expose the true self; 5) explosive l
unfinished business
when an unexpressed feeling of resentment, rage, guilty, anxiety, or other emotion interferes with present situations and causes difficulties
gestalt principles
1) insight learning - Wolfgang Kohler; 2) Zeigarnik effect - motivated people tend to experience tension due to unfinished tasks and thus they recall unfinished activities better; 3) phi-phenomenon - Wertheimer - the illusion of movement can be achieved v
Max Wertheimer
introduced a system of psychology that the whole is greater than th esume of the parts; original gestalt psychologists studied perceptual phenomenon (e.g., figure/ground relationship)
gestalt dialogue experiment
uses the concepts of the top dog, underdog, and empty chair technique
top dog
critical parent portion of the personality which is very authoritarian and quick to use shoulds and oughts
underdog
part of the personality that is weak, powerless, passive, and full of excuses
the rehearsal experiment
group members can share their rehearsals with one another, and thus awareness of stage fright (e.g. not saying or doing the right thing) and fear of not being accepted by others can be illuminated
rehearsal
a client internally rehearses a situation and is worried that his/her performance will not be up to standard; gets in the way of sponteneity and healthy personal experimentation
making the rounds technique
group exercise; client is instructed to say the same message to everyone in the group
Person-Centered view of mankind
individual is good and moves toward self-actualization
Transactional Analysis view of mankind
messages learned about self in childhood determine whether a person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script
Psychoanalysis view of mankind
deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts, are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression
REBT view of mankind
people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently
Gestalt view of mankind
people are not good or bad; people have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole"; people are part of their environment and must be viewed as such
Reality Therapy view of mankind
individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others; brain as control system tries to meet needs
Individual Psychology view of mankind
mankind is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order
Analytic Psychology view of mankind
man strives for individuation (becoming a unique human being) or a sense of self-fulfillment
Behavioral Modification view of mankind
Skinner - human are like other animals: mechanistic an controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom
Neobehavioristic view of mankind
Bandura - person produces and is a product of conditioning
Logotherapy view of mankind
existential view is that humans are good, rational and retain freedom of choice
Trait-Factor view of mankind
Williamson - through education and scientific data, man can become himself; humans are born with potential for good and evil; others are needed to unleash positive potential; man is mainly rational, not intuitive
ahistoric therapy
any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here-and-now rather than the past
fugue state
an individual who experiences memory loss (i.e., amnesia) and leaves home, often with the intention of changing his/her job or identity
senile psychosis
psychosis brought on by old age
DSM
a nosological guide; used to classify and label mental disorders so all mental health workers will mean roughly the same thing (i.e., symptomology, etc.) when they classify a client
nosology
the branch of medicine which concerns itself with the classification of disease
play therapy/art therapy
often preferable to traditional counseling because cultural differences have less of an impact on these types of intervention
maturationist counselors
allow the client to work through old, painful material; counselor acts like a perfect nonjudgmental parent, thus the client can explore the situation in a safe, therapeutic relationship; psychoanalytic and psychodynamic counselors are maturationist.
immediacy
takes place when the counselor explores the client-counselor relationship as it is transpiring right at the moment; counselor dealing with the here-and-now often utilizes this skill; counselor's ability to convey what is happening between the counselor an
assertiveness training (3 communication modes)
3 communication modes used to determine or discriminate client response patterns: assertive, nonassertive, and aggressive
reactive
a given condition is the result of environmental stress (e.g., reactive schizophrenia)
conditioned reflex therapy (excitation & inhibition)
Andrew Salter - excitation - the practice of spontaneously experiencing and expressing true emotions; is seen as necessary in order to attain a state of positive mental health; inhibition - constipation of emotions; opposite of excitation
structuralism
William Wundt's school of thought; interest was in the structure of consciousness; first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879
externalize
to separate the problem from the person
Robert Wubbolding
a reality therapist
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
synthesizes ideas from individual therapy, group therapy, behavior therapy and cognitive modalities; evidence-based; seems to work well with borderline personality disorder; diary cards are used to make a hierarchy of treatment targets with suicidal and s
Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT)
behavioristic approach created by Barbara Rothbaum; clients are hooked to a computer by wearing head gear; the computer simulates real life situations; the client experiencing the virtual environment (VE) generally has the same physiological reactions as
Nancy Chodorow
sociologist and psychoanalytic feminist; believed the domestic ideal caused oppression in women
James W. Fowler
faith development
spirituality
describes a unique personal experience related to feelings of self-actualization, a better understanding of the meaning of life, and an awareness of a divine or Higher Power; Scott Peck's 1978 book The Road Less Traveled helped religion and psychotherapy
informal spirituality
12-step programs promote this brand which has made RS (religious & spiritual) issues more popular with the general public
religion
can be a double-edged sword for clients; religion can have a positive impact (e.g., improved well-being, better marital satisfaction, and less depression); can also have a negative impact: for clients who harbor religious strain, such as difficulty forgiv
recommendations
what a counselor believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint; DSM does not recommend a given treatment process
codependency
term which grew out of chemical dependency movement; mainly refers to an individual who is emotionally involved with a chemically dependent person and /or is addicted to a relationship with another person or drugs
ambivalent transference
occurs when a client rapidly shifts his/her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning experiences related to authority figures from the past
personalism
the counselor will make the best progress is s/he sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient; all people must adjust to environmental & geographical demands
sleeper effect
after a period of time, one forgets the communication but remembers the message; when a counselor provides guidance to a client a delay may occur before the client accepts the message
cognitive theory of hypnotism
T.X. Barber
classical analysis
the patient (the analysand) is seen four or five times per week; the treatment often lasts three to five years or more
social learning theory
Albert Bandura; aka vicarious learning or modeling; the person's own behavior increases when s/he sees somebody else getting reinforced for it
role playing
behaviorists champion role-playing (e.g., assertive behavior)
differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO)
aka differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA); takes place when the helper reinforces behaviors other than the dysfunctional behavior to reduce the dysfunctional target behavior (e.g., you want a child to quit talking in class so you give h
criticisms of behavior therapy
it does not yield insight; it is mechanistic; it treats symptoms and not the cause; it can be manipulative; generally ignores developmental stages; and it often changes behavior but no underlying feelings; this approach deal with behaviors rather than the
person-centered therapy names
originally called nondirective counseling, then client-centered therapy (client not viewed as a sick patient), then called person-centered therapy to emphasize the power of the person; sometimes called "self-theory" in career counseling;
criticisms of person-centered therapy
this approach is too optimistic and may not be the treatment of choice for severely disturbed individuals or very young children
causes of irrational thought (REBT)
shoulds, oughts, musts, terriblizing, and awfulizing causes irrational thoughts
criticisms of REBT
the approach does not emphasize feelings, the counselor client relationship, and REBT is mechanistic or even sterile; may be too complex for those with psychosis or thought disorders
Beck's dysfunctional thoughts
black-or-white thinking, overgeneralizing based on a single event, personalization (i.e, wrongly attributing an event to yourself), and drawing conclusions without real evidence
criticisms of gestalt
this approach is "gimmicky", puts little or no stock in diagnosis and psychological testing, and at times is "antitheroretical"; on occasion, the approach can abet self-centeredness
criticisms of reality therapy
criticized for downplaying the role of the environment in terms of impacting ethnic minorities; also been deemed "weak" in terms of not dealing with dreams, the past, or traumatic memories; too simplistic, does not take into account developmental stages,
psychological needs (reality therapy)
include belonging, power, freedom, and fun
formula first session task (SFBT)
solution focused brief therapy uses formula first session task (FFST); this is the homework assignment prescribed after the first session
brief therapy
becoming the norm since managed care firms often restrict the number of sessions the clients can attend
case integration
takes place when several helpers from the same agency or different agencies work together without duplicating services to help an individual client
milieu therapy
urges helpers to change the client's entire environment (social and physical) to help the client; treatment is not limited to counseling sessions; in most instances, this takes place in inpatient treatment facilities
crisis intervention
used for persons who are experiencing an expected normal reaction to stress
structuring
the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session
flight from reality
client resorts to psychosis to avoid dealing with current life difficulties
therapeutic surrender
when the client psychologically surrenders to a counselor and becomes open with thoughts and feelings; occurs when the client trusts the counselor and so self-discloses
flight to health
analytic concept which asserts that the client has improved to rapidly & the real difficulty (unconscious conflicts) have not been resolved
cognitive dissonance theory
individuals are motivated to reduce tension & discomfort, putting an end to dissonance; predicts that a person will look for things consistent with his/her behavior
prognosis
refers to the probabilities that one can recover from a condition; when dictating on cases, counselors should discuss lengths of treatment and the status expected at the end of treatment