Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are
psychosocial.
In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists
believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior.
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
Erik Erikson.
The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id," would most likely reflect the work of
Sigmund Freud.
Jean Piaget's theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal
operations.
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as
his findings were often derived from observing his own
children.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
conservation.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
volume or mass.
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
concrete operations�ages 7 to 11.
_______ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development.
Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its
initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of
egocentrism.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
three levels of morality.
The Heinz story is to Kohlberg's theory as
a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
Erikson.
Kohlberg's three levels of morality are
preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
Trust versus mistrust is
Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development.
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's fi nal or eighth stage,
integrity versus despair.
In Kohlberg's fi rst or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by
consequences.
Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a desire to live up to society's expectations & a desire to conform.
Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual
has self-imposed morals and ethics.
According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,
is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
The zone of proximal development
was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
Freud and Erikson
could be classifi ed as maturationists.
John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with
bonding and attachment.
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
generativity versus stagnation
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
Harry Harlow.
The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is
true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
intimacy versus isolation�ages 23 to 34.
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
a 13-year-old male middle school student.
In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys
the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth
mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.
Freud postulated psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
In adolescence
males commit suicide more often than females, but females
attempt suicide more often.
In the general population
suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode,
but rarely after the depression lifts & suicide rates tend to increase with age.
The fear of death
is greatest during middle age.
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor
which evolves primarily during the oral age.
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that
girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2 & girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at
any age.
The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is
latency.
In terms of parenting young children
boys are punished more than girls.
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean
how much heredity or environment interact to influence
development.
Stage theorists assume
qualitative changes between stages occur.
Development
is a continuous process which begins at conception.
Development is cephalocaudal, which means
head to foot.
Heredity
assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by
chromosomes & assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code.
Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage
abstract thinking emerges & problems can be solved using deduction.
Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels.
6, 3
A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles
has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of
moral development & is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles.
Freud's Oedipus Complex
is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the
opposite-sex parent occurs & occurs during the phallic stage.
In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as
the Electra complex.
The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing
a visual cliff.
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as
empiricists.
An empiricist view of development would be
behavioristic.
In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers
ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.
A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?
organicism
In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the
sensorimotor stage.
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered
object permanence & representational thought.
The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the
sensorimotor stage�birth to 2 years.
John Bowlby has asserted that
conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life
appeared to be abnormal and autistic.
According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage.
become fixated at
An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that
watching violence tends to make children more aggressive.
A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means
behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a
given species.
The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to
the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment.
A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of
centration.
Piaget felt
teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation.
Piaget's preoperational stage
includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that
each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage.
The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by
sex role socialization.
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of
Bowlby.
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that
in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys & in general, boys possess better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls.
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is
sibling rivalry.
A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to
Piaget's preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years.
Elementary school counseling and guidance services
are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s.
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that
these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed.
According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson
Eighty percent of the men in the study experienced moderate
to severe midlife crises & an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes.
Erikson's middle age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to
the ability to do creative work or raise a family, the opposite of stagnation & the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure
time.
A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels
ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage.
Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _______ is to Erikson.
trust versus mistrust
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
H. Harlow
When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client
suffers from fixation.
Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the
superego.
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
Konrad Lorenz
The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with
Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level.
A critical period
makes imprinting possible & signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all.
Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by
Konrad Lorenz.
Marital satisfaction
often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a
child leaving home.
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates
lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order
needs, such as self-actualization.
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow
interviewed the best people he could find who escaped
"the psychology of the average.
Piaget is
a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.
_______ factors cause Down syndrome, which produces mental retardation.
Genetic
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between
equilibration.
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limit
allow clients to work through early conflicts.
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as
fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli.
Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which
the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction.
Most experts in the field of counseling agree that
no one theory completely explains developmental processes;
thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories.
Equilibration is
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).
A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on
Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs.
The anal retentive personality is
stingy.
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be
considered an oral character.