Therapeutic Alliance
A caring relationship that unites a therapist and a client in working to solve the client's problems. It allows the client to feel liked and valued.
Systematic Viewpoint
The worldview you grow up with, affected by internalized culture, which impacts how you view others and attempt to understand them
Internalized Culture
Your values and philosophy of life: sex age, geological roots, religion, economic class (Essentially, your social history)
Common Factors
an approach to psychotherapeutic integration that aims to understand the common ingredients that work across different forms of therapy, such as rationale for how treatment will take place, therapist expectations for change, and a strong therapeutic relat
Specific Factors
those factors in psychotherapy that are specific to a given approach, such as free association in psychoanalysis or systematic desensitization in behavior therapy
Bruce Wampold
He proved psychotherapy is effective- in a meta-analysis of 400+ studies, the average client in therapy showed more improvement than 75% of individuals who did not get treatment
He also (2001) showed that no type of therapy is better than another.
Primary Component of Positive Outcome in Counseling
Therapeutic Alliance and the positive regard of the therapist
Measure of Quality of Therapeutic Alliance
The client's judgment of the alliance. "Warm, accepting relationship
Client
Primary Change Agent
E.S.T. Empirically Supported Theories
Theories supported by researchers in controlled experiments
Must be supported by data
Reasons for Psychological Theories
Give us a starting point to understand
Explain the "why
Req. to qualify as psychological theory
Make Predictions
Can be tested
Help Understanding
Guide Action
Explain a group of phenomena or facts
Axis 1 of DSM
Clinical Disorders: Mental diagnoses except personality disorders and mental retardation are coded according to the sections of the DSM, along with the severity of the problem. Show presenting problems here.
Axis 2 of DSM
Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation: The more lasting and intractable problems, which also have sections in the DSM. There is a code for the absence of these problems too. Personality Defects may also be listed here
Axis 3 of DSM
General Medical Conditions: Physical conditions and disorders, which may affect a client's psychological state.
Axis 4 of DSM
Psycho-social and Environmental Problems: Problems the client has in the outside world, such as poverty, housing difficulties, loss of work, jail time, and so forth.
Axis 5 of DSM
The Axis that notes the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) where you give a score from 1 to 100 based on how high-functioning that person is in society
Beneficence
Belmont Report principle: do no harm; maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
Non-maleficence
The therapist shall take responsible precautions to avoid imposing/inflicting harm upon patient of services or to his/her property, no exploiting patients; avoid relationships/activities that interfere with professional judgement
Fidelity
Agreement to keep promises (keep client involved in all aspects of care). Ex. Signed consent
Responsibility
Avoid or manage conflicts or interests that may lead to exploitation or harm
Integrity
Accurate, honest, truthful
Do not steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge, or misrepresentation
Justice
Fair and equitable treatment; avoid biases
Tarasof Rule
Determined that it's the therapist's obligation to notify victims of threats perpetrated in a therapy session
Confidentiality
A therapist's ethical duty to not share what is said during a therapy session
Privileged Communication
Information given to a professional person who is forbidden by law from disclosing the information in a court without the consent of the person who provided the information (State-mandated, not federal)
When confidentiality is not enforced
When client is a minor, (in most cases) parents have access to all information about child
Culturally-sensitive Counseling
Counseling that takes into consideration: Socio-economic issues, religion, sexual orientation, multi-cultural issues (like ethnicity/subcultures), language, family roles, sex roles and differences, independence, spirituality, success, conflicts, history,
counseling.org
ACA Website-American Counseling Association
apa.org
APA Website-American Psychological Association
schoolcounselor.org
ASCA Website
American School Counselor's Association
naswdc.org
National Association of Social Workers Website
aamft.org
American Association for MFTP
abcc.arkansas.gov/aboutus/pages/codeofethics.aspx
The location of code of ethics for counselors in Arkansas
Sigmund Freud
Psychologist who lived from 1856-1939
Field: psychoanalytic, personality;
Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference
Interpretation
Part of psychodynamic theory: Drawing inferences from what the client is saying, feeling, or enacting
Dream Analysis
Part of psychodynamic theory: Interpreting dreams as a reflection of unconscious thoughts
Free Association
Part of psychodynamic theory: Clients speak whatever thoughts come to mind, despite rationality or logical
Oral Stage
One of Freud's Stages that went from 0-18 months of age. , 1st stage. First year of life; the errogenous zone is the mouth, primary conflict is teething
Anal Stage
One of Freud's Stages:(1-3 years) is associated with pleasure. Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. Has two outcomes-anal retentive (obsessions with cleanliness, perfection and control) and anal expulsive (messy, disorganized and
Phallic Stage
(psychoanalysis 3-6 years old) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure
Latency Stage
Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development (6 years old to puberty) where sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their same sex parent and interact with same sex peers.
Genital Stage
Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).
Humanism
The direction towards which psychodynamic schools of thought have moved generally:
Interpretation of Dreams
Freud's crowning achievement, a book written in 1900 about the treatment of people with mental disorders that tried to garner support for his psychoanalytical theories. In this book, Freud first described his theories about the psychic apparatus (id, ego,
Id
Human's Natural Drives "Desires of the Flesh
Ego
According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.
Superego
acts as a self-critical conscience. Involves standards learned from parents/teachers.
contains rigid rules
Denial
Defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.
Regression
A return to a prior stage after a person has progressed through the various stages of development; caused by anxiety.
Repression
(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious
Defense Mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Rationalization
(psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening
Reaction Formation
(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them
Projection
(psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else
Fantasy
Escape a real world that is aversive or boring by dreaming of a better situation.
Emotional Insulation
unconsciously trying to prevent oneself from experiencing emotion.
Displacement
Defense mechanism by which people divert sexual or aggressive feelings for one person onto another person.
Sublimation
Transforming sexual and aggressive drives into a socially acceptable form. i.e. teaching or coaching to exercise power and satisfy aggressive urges
Identification
Getting satisfaction and overcoming inferiority feelings by allying psychologically with a powerful, successful entity.
Goals of Psychoanalysis
Bring the client's unconscious to the conscious
Help work through repressed conflicts
Help client reach intellectual awareness
Help client restructure basic personality
Animus
(Developed by Carl Jung) male archetype as expressed in a woman; feminine side of man; originates in the collective unconscious; comes from men's experiences with women which combine into the concept of women; shows as an image of feelings/mood
Anima
(Developed by Carl Jung) Archetype of the feminine aspects of men responsible for mood swings.
Confession
(Stage of psychotherapy) A narrative of personal history, that reveals conscious and unconscious secrets
Elucidation
(Stage of psychotherapy) Interprets transference and counter-transference, and achieves insights
Education
(Stage of psychotherapy) The therapist helps translate the insights into responsible action in everyday life.
Transformation
(Stage of psychotherapy) Self-actualization is pursued and the therapist and client become equals in the pursuit.
Anna Freud and Donald Winnicott
Two main psychologists who developed Psychoanalytic Theory Usage with Children
Erikson's Mental Stages (First Year)
Trust versus mistrust. Expectation that needs will be met, or not
Erikson's Mental Stages (2nd Year)
Autonomy versus shame and doubt. Choice and self-control, or uncertainty about abilities
Erikson's Mental Stages (3-5 Years)
Initiative versus guilt. Self-direction, purpose, and personal goals, or guilt over making these efforts
Erikson's Mental Stages (6 years to puberty)
Industry versus inferiority. Pleasure in feeling competent or incompetence and lack of engagement
Erikson's Mental Stages (Adolescence)
Identity versus role confusion. Coherent sense of self, or undefined or oppositional identity
Erikson's Mental Stages (Early adulthood)
Intimacy versus isolation. Ability to form and enjoy close relationships, or sense of aloneness
Erikson's Mental Stages (Middle Age)
Generativity versus stagnation. Sense of contributing to the world and the future, or inactivity and lack of purpose
Erikson's Mental Stages (Old Age)
Integrity versus despair. Reflection on life as meaningful and satisfying, or not.