Theories (COUN 601)-Dr. Fager-Exam 1

Therapeutic Alliance

A caring relationship that unites a therapist and a client in working to solve the client's problems. It allows the client to feel liked and valued.

Systematic Viewpoint

The worldview you grow up with, affected by internalized culture, which impacts how you view others and attempt to understand them

Internalized Culture

Your values and philosophy of life: sex age, geological roots, religion, economic class (Essentially, your social history)

Common Factors

an approach to psychotherapeutic integration that aims to understand the common ingredients that work across different forms of therapy, such as rationale for how treatment will take place, therapist expectations for change, and a strong therapeutic relat

Specific Factors

those factors in psychotherapy that are specific to a given approach, such as free association in psychoanalysis or systematic desensitization in behavior therapy

Bruce Wampold

He proved psychotherapy is effective- in a meta-analysis of 400+ studies, the average client in therapy showed more improvement than 75% of individuals who did not get treatment
He also (2001) showed that no type of therapy is better than another.

Primary Component of Positive Outcome in Counseling

Therapeutic Alliance and the positive regard of the therapist

Measure of Quality of Therapeutic Alliance

The client's judgment of the alliance. "Warm, accepting relationship

Client

Primary Change Agent

E.S.T. Empirically Supported Theories

Theories supported by researchers in controlled experiments
Must be supported by data

Reasons for Psychological Theories

Give us a starting point to understand
Explain the "why

Req. to qualify as psychological theory

Make Predictions
Can be tested
Help Understanding
Guide Action
Explain a group of phenomena or facts

Axis 1 of DSM

Clinical Disorders: Mental diagnoses except personality disorders and mental retardation are coded according to the sections of the DSM, along with the severity of the problem. Show presenting problems here.

Axis 2 of DSM

Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation: The more lasting and intractable problems, which also have sections in the DSM. There is a code for the absence of these problems too. Personality Defects may also be listed here

Axis 3 of DSM

General Medical Conditions: Physical conditions and disorders, which may affect a client's psychological state.

Axis 4 of DSM

Psycho-social and Environmental Problems: Problems the client has in the outside world, such as poverty, housing difficulties, loss of work, jail time, and so forth.

Axis 5 of DSM

The Axis that notes the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) where you give a score from 1 to 100 based on how high-functioning that person is in society

Beneficence

Belmont Report principle: do no harm; maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms

Non-maleficence

The therapist shall take responsible precautions to avoid imposing/inflicting harm upon patient of services or to his/her property, no exploiting patients; avoid relationships/activities that interfere with professional judgement

Fidelity

Agreement to keep promises (keep client involved in all aspects of care). Ex. Signed consent

Responsibility

Avoid or manage conflicts or interests that may lead to exploitation or harm

Integrity

Accurate, honest, truthful
Do not steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge, or misrepresentation

Justice

Fair and equitable treatment; avoid biases

Tarasof Rule

Determined that it's the therapist's obligation to notify victims of threats perpetrated in a therapy session

Confidentiality

A therapist's ethical duty to not share what is said during a therapy session

Privileged Communication

Information given to a professional person who is forbidden by law from disclosing the information in a court without the consent of the person who provided the information (State-mandated, not federal)

When confidentiality is not enforced

When client is a minor, (in most cases) parents have access to all information about child

Culturally-sensitive Counseling

Counseling that takes into consideration: Socio-economic issues, religion, sexual orientation, multi-cultural issues (like ethnicity/subcultures), language, family roles, sex roles and differences, independence, spirituality, success, conflicts, history,

counseling.org

ACA Website-American Counseling Association

apa.org

APA Website-American Psychological Association

schoolcounselor.org

ASCA Website
American School Counselor's Association

naswdc.org

National Association of Social Workers Website

aamft.org

American Association for MFTP

abcc.arkansas.gov/aboutus/pages/codeofethics.aspx

The location of code of ethics for counselors in Arkansas

Sigmund Freud

Psychologist who lived from 1856-1939
Field: psychoanalytic, personality;
Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference

Interpretation

Part of psychodynamic theory: Drawing inferences from what the client is saying, feeling, or enacting

Dream Analysis

Part of psychodynamic theory: Interpreting dreams as a reflection of unconscious thoughts

Free Association

Part of psychodynamic theory: Clients speak whatever thoughts come to mind, despite rationality or logical

Oral Stage

One of Freud's Stages that went from 0-18 months of age. , 1st stage. First year of life; the errogenous zone is the mouth, primary conflict is teething

Anal Stage

One of Freud's Stages:(1-3 years) is associated with pleasure. Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. Has two outcomes-anal retentive (obsessions with cleanliness, perfection and control) and anal expulsive (messy, disorganized and

Phallic Stage

(psychoanalysis 3-6 years old) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure

Latency Stage

Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development (6 years old to puberty) where sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their same sex parent and interact with same sex peers.

Genital Stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

Humanism

The direction towards which psychodynamic schools of thought have moved generally:

Interpretation of Dreams

Freud's crowning achievement, a book written in 1900 about the treatment of people with mental disorders that tried to garner support for his psychoanalytical theories. In this book, Freud first described his theories about the psychic apparatus (id, ego,

Id

Human's Natural Drives "Desires of the Flesh

Ego

According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.

Superego

acts as a self-critical conscience. Involves standards learned from parents/teachers.
contains rigid rules

Denial

Defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

Regression

A return to a prior stage after a person has progressed through the various stages of development; caused by anxiety.

Repression

(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious

Defense Mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Rationalization

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening

Reaction Formation

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them

Projection

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else

Fantasy

Escape a real world that is aversive or boring by dreaming of a better situation.

Emotional Insulation

unconsciously trying to prevent oneself from experiencing emotion.

Displacement

Defense mechanism by which people divert sexual or aggressive feelings for one person onto another person.

Sublimation

Transforming sexual and aggressive drives into a socially acceptable form. i.e. teaching or coaching to exercise power and satisfy aggressive urges

Identification

Getting satisfaction and overcoming inferiority feelings by allying psychologically with a powerful, successful entity.

Goals of Psychoanalysis

Bring the client's unconscious to the conscious
Help work through repressed conflicts
Help client reach intellectual awareness
Help client restructure basic personality

Animus

(Developed by Carl Jung) male archetype as expressed in a woman; feminine side of man; originates in the collective unconscious; comes from men's experiences with women which combine into the concept of women; shows as an image of feelings/mood

Anima

(Developed by Carl Jung) Archetype of the feminine aspects of men responsible for mood swings.

Confession

(Stage of psychotherapy) A narrative of personal history, that reveals conscious and unconscious secrets

Elucidation

(Stage of psychotherapy) Interprets transference and counter-transference, and achieves insights

Education

(Stage of psychotherapy) The therapist helps translate the insights into responsible action in everyday life.

Transformation

(Stage of psychotherapy) Self-actualization is pursued and the therapist and client become equals in the pursuit.

Anna Freud and Donald Winnicott

Two main psychologists who developed Psychoanalytic Theory Usage with Children

Erikson's Mental Stages (First Year)

Trust versus mistrust. Expectation that needs will be met, or not

Erikson's Mental Stages (2nd Year)

Autonomy versus shame and doubt. Choice and self-control, or uncertainty about abilities

Erikson's Mental Stages (3-5 Years)

Initiative versus guilt. Self-direction, purpose, and personal goals, or guilt over making these efforts

Erikson's Mental Stages (6 years to puberty)

Industry versus inferiority. Pleasure in feeling competent or incompetence and lack of engagement

Erikson's Mental Stages (Adolescence)

Identity versus role confusion. Coherent sense of self, or undefined or oppositional identity

Erikson's Mental Stages (Early adulthood)

Intimacy versus isolation. Ability to form and enjoy close relationships, or sense of aloneness

Erikson's Mental Stages (Middle Age)

Generativity versus stagnation. Sense of contributing to the world and the future, or inactivity and lack of purpose

Erikson's Mental Stages (Old Age)

Integrity versus despair. Reflection on life as meaningful and satisfying, or not.