Theories Test Practice II

PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY/BASIC PHILOSOPHIES

Human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and conflicts are cen-tral in present behavior. Irrational forces are strong; the person is driven by sexual and aggressive impulses. Early development i

PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY KEY CONCEPTS

Normal personality development is based on succesful resolution and integration of pychosexual stages of development. Faulty personality developoment is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage. Id, ego, and superego constitute the basis

THERAPEAUTIC GOALS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY

1. To make the unconscious.
2. To reconstruct the basic personality
3. To assist clients in releving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts
4. To achieve intellectual awareness

Adlerian Therapy

It positive view of human nature is stress humans are motivated by social interests, by striving toward goals, and by dealing with the task of life. People are in control of their fate, not victims of it. Each person at an early age creates a unique style

Adlerian Therapy/Key Concepts

Based on a growth model, this approach emphasizes the individual's positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. It also stresses the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspective, and the importance of life goals

Adlerian Goals of Therapy

to challenge clients basic premise and goals. To offer encouragement so they can develop socially useful goals. To change faulty motivation and to help them feel equal to others.

Existential Therapy

The central focus is on the nature of human conditions, which includes capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice inside one spate, responsibility, anxiety is a basic element, search for a unique meaning in meaningless world, being alone and being in

Existential Therapy Key Concepts

Essentially an approach to counseling and therapy rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Normally, personality development is based on the uniqueness of each individual. Some of self develops from infancy. Self-determinat

Existential Goals of Therapy

To help people see that they are free and become aware of their possibilities. To challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly though were happening to them. To identify factors that block freedom.

Person-Centered Therapy

The view of humans is positive; humans have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client actualize his potential and

Person-Centered Key Concepts

the client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve them. Faith is places in the client's capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discreprancy b

Person-Centered Therapy Goals

to provide safe climate conducive to clients self exploration, so they can recognize blocks to growth experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward open greater trust and sell, willingness to be a process

Reality Therapy

Base on the assumption that people are ultimately self determining and in charge of their life, the approach is both anti-drama in this stick and cause a. The model describes how people attempt to control the world around them. It teaches them ways to mor

Reality Therapy Key Concepts

The basic focus in on what the clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present ways are working for them. People create their feelings by the choices they make and by what they do. The approach rejects many notions of conventional

Reality Therapy Goals

To help peole become more effective in meeting their needs. To challenge them to evaluate what they are doing and to assess how well this behavior is working for them

Behavior Therapy

Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. No set of unifying assumptions about behavior can incorporate all the existing procedures in the behavioral field.

Behavior Therapy Key Concepts

Focus is on overt behavior precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Therapy is based on the principles of learning therapy. Normal behavior is learned through reinfo

Behavior Therapy Goals

Generally, to eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To focus on factors influencing behavior and find what can be done about problematic behavior. Clients have an active role in setting treatment goals and evaluating how well

Cognitive-behavior Therapy

Individuals tend to incorporate faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinants of how we act in feel. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses the role of th

Cognitive-behavior key concepts

Although psychological problems may be noted in childhood, they are perpetuated through reindoctrination in the now. A person's belief system is the primary cause of disorders. Internal dialogue plays a central role in one's behavior. Clients focus on exa

Cognitive-behavior therapy goals

to chaleenge clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they gather and evaluate. Helping clients seek out their dogmatic beliefs and vigorously minimize them. To become aware of automatic thoughts and to change them.

Family systems theory

The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspective. Clients are connected to a living system; a change in one part of the system will result in a change in other parts. The family provides the context for understanding how individuals funct

Family systems therapy key concepts

Focus is on communication patterns within a family, both verbal and nonverbal. Problems in relationships are likely to be passed on from generation to generation. Symptoms are viewed as ways of communicating with the aim of controlling other famiy members

Family systems goals of therapy

Most approaches are aimed at helping family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well and create new ways of interacting to relieve their distress. some approaches focus on resolving the specific problem that brings the

Psychoanalytic Therapeutic Relationship

The analyst remains anonymous, and clients develop projections toward him or her. Focus is on reducing the resistances that develop in working with transference and on establishing more rational control. Clients undergo long-term analysis, engage in free

Psychoanalytic Techniques of Therapy

The key techniques are interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference. all are designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new mater

Psychoanalytic Application of the Approaches

Candidates for analytic therapy include professionals who want to become therapists, people who have had intensive therapy and want to go further, and those who are in pain. Analytic therapy is not recommended for self centered and impulsive clients or fo

Psychoanalytic Therapy Contributions of the Approaches

More than any other system, this approach has generated controversy as well as exploration and has stimulated further thinking and development of therapy. It has provided a detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning. I

Adlerian Therapeutic Relationship

The emphasis is on joint responsibility, on mutually determining goals, on mutual trust and respect, and on equality. a cooperative relationship is manifested by a therapeutic contract. Focus is on examining lifestyle, which is expressed by client's every

Adlerian Techniques of Therapy

Adlerians draw from any techniques, a few of which are paraphrasing, providing encouragement, confrontation, interpretation, gathering life-history data (family constellation, early recollections), the therapeutic contracts, home work assignments, paradox

Adlerian Therapy Applications of the Approaches

Can be applied to all spheres of life, such as parent/child counseling, marital and family therapy, individual counseling, group counseling, substance abuse programs, and dealing with problems of the aged. Being a growth model, it is ideally suited to pre

Adlerian Therapy Contributions of the Approaches

One of the first approaches to therapy that was humanistic, unified and goal-oriented and that put an emphasis on social and psychological factors. One of the major contributions is the influence that Adlerian ideas have had on other systems and their int

Existential Therapeutic Relationship

The therapist's main tasks are to accurately grasp clients' being in the word and to establish a personal and authentic encounter with them. The relationship is seen as critically important. Clients discover their own uniqueness in the relationship with t

Existential Techniques of Therapy

Few techniques flow from this approach, because it stresses understanding first and technique second. The therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches and incorporate them into existential framework. Diagnosis, testing, and external measurements

Existential Applications of the Approaches

Can be especially suited to people facing a development crisis or a transition in life. Useful for clients with existential concerns (making choices, dealing with freedom and responsibility, coping with guilt and anxiety, making sense of life, and finding

Existential Therapy Contributions of the Approaches

Its major contribution is a recognition of the need for a subjective approach based on a complete view of the human condition. It alls attention to the need for a philosophical statement on what it means to be a person. Stress on the I/thou relationship l

Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship

The relationship is of primary importance. The qualities of the therapist, including genuineness, warmth, accurate, empathy, respect, and permissiveness, and the communication of these attitudes to clients are stressed. They use this real relationship wit

Person-Centered Techniques of Therapy

This approach uses few techniques but stresses the attitudes of the therapist. Basic techniques include active listening and hearing, reflection of feelings, clarification, and being there, for the client. This model does not include diagnostic testing, i

Person-Centered Applications of the Approaches

Has wide applicability to individual and group counseling. It is especially well suited for the intitial phases of crisis-intervention work. Its principles have been applied to marital and family therapy, community programs, administration and management,

Person-Centered Therapy Contributions of the Approaches

Unique contribution is having the client take an active stance and assume responsibility for the direction of therapy. The approach has been subjected to empirical testing, and as a result both theory and methods have been modified. It is open system. Peo

Reality Therapeutic Relationship

Therapists show their concern for clients by a process of involvement throughout the course of therapy. They find out what clients want; ask what they are choosing to do; invite them to evaluate present behavior; help them make plans for change; and get t

Reality Techniques of Therapy

An active, directive, and didactic therapy. Various techniques may be used to get clients evaluate what they are presently doing to see if they are willing to change. If they decide that their present behavior is not effective, they develop a specific pla

Reality Applications of the Approaches

Geared to teaching people ways to control their life effectively. It has been applied to individual counseling with a wide range of clients, group counseling, working with youthful law offenders, and marital and family therapy. In some instances it is wel

Reality Therapy Contributions of the Approaches

Consists of simple and clear that are easily grasped in may helping profession; thus it can be used by teachers, nurses, ministers, educators, social workers, and counselors. It is a positive approach, with an action orientation. Due to the direct methods

Behavior Therapeutic Relationship

The therapist is active and directive and functions as a teacher or trainer in helping clients learn more effective behavior. Clients must be active in the process and experiment with new behaviors. Although a personal relationship between them and the th

Behavior Techniques of Therapy

The main techniques are systematic desensitization, relaxation methods, reinforcement techniques, modeling, cognitive restructuring, assertion and social-skills training, self management programs, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, and various multimodal-the

Behavior Application of the Approaches Therapy

A pragmatic approach based on empirical validation of results. Enjoy wide applicability to individual, group, marital, and family counseling. Some problems to which the approach is well suited are phobic disorders, depression, sexual disorders, children's

Behavior Therapy Contributions of the Approaches

Emphasis is on assessment and evaluation techniques, thus providing a basis for accountable practice. Specific problems are identified, and client are kept informed about progress toward their goals. The approach has demonstrated effectiveness in many are

Cognitive-Behavior Therapeutic Relationship

In REBT the therapist functions as a teacher, and the client as a student. The therapist is highly directive and teaches clients an ABC model of changing their cognitions. In CT the focus is on a collaborative relationship. Using a Socratic dialogue, the

Cognitive-Behavior Techniques of Therapy

Therapists use a variety of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques, diverse methods are tailored to suit individual clients. An active, directive, time-limited present-centered, structured therapy. Some techniques include engaging in Socratic dialo

Cognitive-Behavior Applications of the Approaches Therapy

Has been widely applied to treatment of depression, anxiety marital problems, stress management, skill training, substance abuse, assertion training, eating disorders, panic attacks, performance anxiety, and social phobia. The approach is especially usefu

Cognitive behavior Contributions of the Approaches Therapy

Major contributions include emphasis on a comprehension and electric therapeutic practice; numerous cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques; an openness to incorporating techniques from other approaches; and a methodology for challenging and changin

Family Systems Therapeutic Relationship

the family therapist functions as a teacher, coach, model, and consultant. The family learns ways to detect and solve problems that are keeping members stuck, and it learns about patterns that have transmitted from generation to generation. Some approache

Family Systems Techniques of Therapy

There is a diversity of techniques, depending on the particular theorectical orientation. Interventions may target behavior change, perceptual change, or both techniques include using genograms, teaching, asking questions, family sculpting, joining the fa

Family Systems Applications of the Approaches Therapy

Applications vary depending on the particular approach to family therapy. Useful for dealing with marital distress, problems of communicating among family members, power struggles, crisis situations in the family, helping individuals attain their potentia

Family Systems Contributions of the Approaches

In all of the systemic approaches, neither the individual nor the family is blamed for a particular dysfunction. The family is empowered through the process of identifying and exploring interactional patterns. Working with an entire unit provides a new pe

Psychoanalytic Therapy Limitations of the Approaches

Requires lengthy training for therapists and much time and expense for clients. The model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones. Its methods are not applicable to clients in lower socioecono

Psychoanalytic Therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

Its focus on family dynamics is appropriate for working with many minority groups. The therapist's formality appeals to clients who expect professional distance. Notion of ego distance is helpful in understanding inner dynamics and dealing with environmen

Psychoanalytic Therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling

Its focus on insight, intrapsychic dynamics, and long-term treatment is often not valued by clients who prefer to learn coping skills for dealing with pressing daily concerns. Internal focus is often in conflict with cultural values that stress an interpe

Adlerian Therapy Limitations of the Approaches

Weak in terms of precision, testability and empirical validity. Few attempts have been made to validate the basic concepts by scientific methods. Tends to oversimplify some complex human problems and is based heavily on common sense.

Adlerian Therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

Its focus on social interest, doing good for society, importance of family, goal orientation, and striving for belongingness is congruent with Eastern cultures. Focus on person in environment allows for cultural factors be explored.

Adlerian Therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling

This approach's detailed interview about one's family background can conflict with cultures that have injunctions against disclosing family matters. Counselor needs to make certain that the client's goals are respected.

Existential Therapy Limitations of the Approaches

Many basic concepts are fuzzy and ill-defines, making its general framework abstract at times. Lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices of therapy. Has limited applicability to lower-functioning and nonverbal clients and to clients in extr

Existential Therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

Focus is on understanding client's phenomenological world, including cultural background. This approach leads to empowerment in an oppressive society. It can help clients examine their options for change, within the context of their cultural realities.

Existential Therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling

Values of individuality, freedom, autonomy, and self-realization often conflict with cultural values of collectivism, respect for tradition, deference to authority, and interdependence. Some may be deterred by the absence of specific techniques. Others wi

Person-Centered Therapy Limitations of the Approaches

Possible danger from the therapist who remains passive and inactive, limiting responses to reflection. Many clients feel a need for greater direction, more structure, and more techniques. Clients in crisis may need more directive measures. Applied to indi

Person-Centered therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

Focus is on breaking cultural barriers, and facilitating open dialogue among diverse cultural populations. Main strengths are respect for client's values, active listening, welcoming of differences. nonjudgmental attitude, understanding, willingness to al

Person Centered Therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling

Some of the core values of this approach may not be congruent with the client's culture. Lack of counselor direction and structure are unacceptable for clients who are seeking help and immediate answers from a knowledgeable professional.

Reality Therapy Limitations of the Approaches

Discounts the therapeutic value of exploration of the client's last, dreams, the unconscious, early childhood experiences, and transference. The approach is limited to less complex problems. It is a problem solving therapy that tends to discourage explora

Reality Therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

Focus is on members making own evaluation of behavior )including how they respond to their culture). Through personal assessment they can determine the degree to which their needs and wants are being satisfied. They can find a balance between retaining th

Reality Therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling

The approach stresses taking charge of one's own life, yet some clients hope to chaange their external environment. Counselor needs to appreciate the role of discrimination and racism and help clients deal with social and political realities.

Behavior Therapy Limitations of the Approaches

Major criticisms are that it may change behavior but not feelings, that it ignores the relational factors in therapy; that it does nor provide insight; that it ignores historical causes of present behavior; that it involves control and manipulation by the

Behavior Therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

Its focus on behavior, rather than on feelings, is compatible with many cultures. Strengths include a collaborative relationship between counselor and client in working toward mutually agreed on goals, continual assessment to determine of the techniques a

Behavior Therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling

Counselors need to help clients assess the possible consequences of making behavior changes. Family members may not value clients newly acquired assertive style, so clients must be taught how to cope with resistance by others.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Limitations of the Approaches

Tends to play down emotions, does not focus on exploring the unconscious or underlying conflicts, and sometimes does not give enough weight to client's past. REBT, being a confrontational therapy, might lead to premature termination. CT might be too struc

Cognitve Behavior Therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

The collaborative approach offers clients opportunities to express their areas of concern. The psychoeducational dimensions are often useful in exploring cultural conflicts and teaching new behavior. The emphasis on thinking (as opposed to identifying and

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling

Before too quickly attempting to change the beliefs and actions of clients. It is essential for the therapist to understand and respect their world. Some clients may have serious reservations about questioning their basic cultural values and beliefs. Clie

Family Systems Therapy Limitations of the Approaches

Limitations include problems in being able to involve all the members of a family in the therapy. Members may be resistant to changing the structure of the system. Therapists' self knowledge and willingness to work on their own family of origin issues is

Family Systems Therapy Contributions to Multicultural Counseling

Many ethnic and cultural groups place value on the role of the extended family. Many families therapies deal with extended family members and with support systems. Networking is a part of the process, which is congruent with the values of many clients. Th

Family Systems Therapy Limitations in Multicultural Counseling

Some approaches are based on value assumptions that are not congruent with the values of clients from certain cultures. Concepts such as individuation, self-actualization, self-determination, independence, and self expression may be foreign to some client