Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy

Sigmund Freud 1856-1939

Originator of Psychoanalysis. Applied a medical model. Freudian view of human nature is basically deterministic- our behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives as these evolve through key ps

Define Libido?

refers to sexual energy. Freud later included the energy of all the life instincts. Life instincts serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race; they are oriented toward growth, development, and creativity.

Define Death instincts?

account for the aggressive drive; people manifest through their behavior an unconscious wish to die or to hurt themselves or others.

Define the structures of personalities

ID is the untamed drives or impulses likened to the biological component. ID is the original system of personality. It is ruled by the pleasure principle which is aimed at reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure, the ID is illogical, amoral,

Define Freudian consciousness and unconscious

Consciousness is a thin part of the total mind that is aware of the here and now-needs and motives. The preconscious is the part that is not in awareness, but it is able to access information; for example, what you had for dinner last night.The unconsciou

What are the Freudian Types of Anxiety?

Anxiety is a feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness. Reality anxiety is the fear of danger from the external world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to

Define Ego-Defense Mechanisms

are normal behaviors that can have adaptive value provided they do not become a style of life. Defense mechanisms have two thing sin common: they wither deny or distort reality, and they operate on an unconscious level.

Define Repression?

Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness- operates in unconscious level, no memory of the event- individual is not aware of.

Define Denial?

closing ones eyes to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality- operates in preconscious and conscious levels. It removes the emotions of the event.

Define Reaction formation?

actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse. Individuals may conceal hate with a fa�ade of love, be extremely nice when they harbor negative reactions, or mask cruelty with excessive kindness.

Define Projection?

Attributing to others one's own unacceptable desires or impulses - impulses are seen by others out there, but not by the individual.

Define Displacement?

directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible. i.e. an individual feel threatened by someone and comes home and take sit out on his wife/children

Define Rationalization?

Manufacturing good reasons to explain away a bruised ego. When an individual does not get a job that they want, then they think about logical reasons they didn't get the job or didn't want the job.

Define Sublimation?

Diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels. Energy is usually diverted into socially acceptable and admirable channels. *The end result is positive.

Define Regression?

Going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands.

Define Introjection?

Taking in and swallowing the values and standards of others. Positive forms incorporate imitating parents values or attributes of the therapist. Negative forms include prisoners in concentration camps exhibiting values/behaviors of the aggressors.

Define Identification?

Identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile.

Define Compensation?

Masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations. it can be an attempt by an individual to say 'Don't see the ways I'm inferior, but see me in my accomplishments.

Define Teleology?

pulled by the future - where I am and where I am going are more important than the past. Focusing on where I want to go.

Define Falsifiability?

a theory is considered a scientific theory only if its concepts can be proven wrong- A statement is called falsifiable if it is possible to conceive an observation or an argument which proves the statement in question to be false. In this sense, falsify i

Define Paradigm?

a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated

Define Theory?

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, esp. one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained

Define Rigidity?

emotional inflexibility and resistance to change - is associated with lack of mental health when it affects someone's life - does not allow adaptability, when it increases anxiety instead of decreasing anxiety.

Difference between Conscience and consciousness?

conscience is the sense or consciousness of the moral goodness or blameworthiness of one's own conduct, intentions, or character together with a feeling of obligation to do right or be good. Conscious is the condition of being conscious: the normal state

Define the Freud's Stages of Development?

Oral stage - first year of life; anal stage - 1-3 yrs old; phallic stage - 3-6; latency stage - 6-12; genital stage 12-18 and on.

What is psychotherapy integration?

Psychotherapy integration is the ability to look beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives and how clients can benefit from a variety of ways of conducting therapy. Four pathways toward i

Define technical integration?

Technical integration aims at selecting the best treatment techniques for the individual and the problem. A multimodal therapist borrows from many other therapeutic models, using techniques that have been demonstrated to b effective in dealing with specif

Define theoretical integration?

Theoretical integration refers to a conceptual or theoretical creation beyond a mere blending on techniques. The goal is to use two or more approaches; for example, using dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT).

What is assimilative integration?

Assimilative integration approach is grounded in a particular school of psychotherapy, along with an openness to selectively incorporate practices from other therapeutic approaches. An example of this is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT).

What is the common factors approach?

The common factors approach searches for common elements across different theoretical systems. Common factors include empathetic listening, developing a working alliance, practicing new behaviors, positive expectations of clients, etc.

What are the basic philosophies of Psychoanalytic therapy?

Human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior. Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repress

What are the basic philosophies of Adlerian therapy?

Humans are motivated by social interests, by striving toward goals, by inferiority and superiority, and by dealing with the tasks of life. Emphasis is on the individual's positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have the capacity to in

What are the basic philosophies of Existential therapy?

The central focus is on the nature of human condition, which includes a capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one's fate, responsibility, anxiety, the search of meaning, being alone and being in relation with others, striving for authen

What are the basic philosophies of Person-centered therapy?

Positive view of people, we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client moves toward increased awareness, spont

What are the basic philosophies of Gestalt therapy?

The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking feeling and behaving. Some key concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries, and awareness. The view is nondeterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity

What are the basic philosophies of Behavior therapy?

Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment. Traditional behavior therapy is based on classical and operant principles. Contemporary behavior therapy has branched out in many directions.

What are the basic philosophies of Cognitive behavior therapy?

Individuals tend to incorporate faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses the role of t

What are the basic philosophies of Reality therapy?

Based on choice theory, this approach assumes that we need quality relationships to be happy. Psychological problems are the result of our resisting the control by others or of our attempt to control others. Choice theory is an explanation of human nature