Group Work
a method whereby individuals with a common purpose come together and benefit by both giving a receiving feedback with the dynamic and unique context of group life.
Contact-focused group theory
a conceptualization of groups in which the purpose of groups is highlighted; three primary contact groups described in this model are group guidance, group counseling, and group psychotherapy
speciality / standards model
an approach to conceptualizing groups in which they are defined according to their purpose, focus, and need competencies. The ASGW has defined standards for four types of groups: psychoeducational, counseling, psychotherapy, and task/work
TRAC model of Groups
A model of groups known by the acronym TRAC (tracking, relating, acquiring, and contacting). Each letter represents an area in the total picture of group work.
group dynamics
interrelations of individuals within a group
education group / guidance groups
groups originally developed for use in educational settings. They are premised on the idea that education is about changing perceptions as well as acquiring knowledge.
airtime
The amount of time available for participation in the group
life-skills group
A type of guidance/psychoeducational group, especially designed for those who have a deficit of behavior. Emphasis is on a "how-to" approach to learning new behaviors; may include the use of films, plays, and demonstrations, role-plays, and guest speakers
life-skills training
A program that teaches stress reduction, self-protection, decision making, self-control, and social skills
counseling/interpersonal problem-solving groups
groups that focus on each person's behavior and growth or change within the group in regard to a particular problem or concern.
yearbook feedback
Saying nice but insignificant things about a person, as high school students do when they write in annuals
group psychotherapy
Members, through process of interaction, gain knowledge/insight into themselves for purpose of change.
-The focus of group psychotherapy is treatment of pathology or illness.
open-ended
Not having fixed limits; unrestricted; broad.
closed-ended
direct, specific response
mixed groups
groups that defy fitting any category. They encompass multiple ways of working with their members and may change their emphasis frequently. For example, some groups that are instructive are also simultaneously or consequentially therapeutic. The prototype for a mixed group is a self-help group.
GAP matrix for groups
The "goals and process" model of group types; originated by Waldo and Bauman
self-help groups
a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support
mutual help groups
Voluntary associations of persons who share some type of status, experience, difficulties
support groups
Meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or coping with an ill family member.
primary affiliation groups
Groups to which people most identify as belonging, such as family or peers.
secondary affiliation groups
Groups with which people least identify.
Hawthorne Effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
group content
Information within and purpose of the group
group process
The way team members work together to accomplish tasks
contagion
The rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd.
conflict
A struggle between opposing forces.
anxiety
An emotional state of high energy, with the stress response as the body's reaction to it.
consenual validation
Individuals are attracted to people who are similar to them because our own attitudes and behavior are supported and confirmed when someone else's attitudes and behaviors are similar to our own.
universality
The ability to be applied to everyone in every situation.
family reenactment
Leads to understanding what it was like growing up in one's family through the group experience
instillation of hope
Experiencing optimism through observing the improvement of others in the group
system theory
The theory that people are motivated to see the existing political and social status quo as desirable, fair, and legitimate
systemically
Of or relating to systemic circulation
clarity of purpose
Analysis, planning, careful implementation, and evaluation
-dont get caught up in details or excitement
group setting
The group's physical environment
1. cohesive group
2. structural flaws
3. situation
subgroups
Cliques of group members who band together, often to the detriment of the group as a whole.
homogeneous
of the same kind
heterogeneous
composed of different kinds, diverse
group structure
The way a group is set up physically as well as how the group members interact or structure themselves in relationships to others.
group interaction
The way group members relate to one another
sociometry
Phenomenological methodolgy for investigating interpersonal relationships
sociogram
A diagram that represents relationships within a group, especially likes and dislikes of members for other members
Law of Trivality
The time a group spends discussing an issue is inverse proportion to its consequence.
i.e. in an hour-long task group, 50 minutes might be spent talking about whther a group celebration should be held on a Thursday or a Friday and 10 minutes might be spent in planning the activities and considering budget for the event
facilitative/building role
Adds to the functioning of the group in a positive way. initiators in the group
maintenance role
Actions of individuals that help preserve the relationships in a group
blocking role
Behavior that inhibits either team performance or that of individual members
role collision
Conflict between the role and individual plays in the ouside world and the one experienced with the group ex. an active participant
role incompatibility
The conflict-producing difference between workers whose tasks are interdependent but whose priorities differ because their responsibilities within the organization differ. the mediation of a common superior is usually the best solution
role confusion
Lack of Direction and definition of self, restricted exploration in adolescence (earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved, society restricts choices), unprepared for stages of adulthood
role transition
Problematic change in life status, social, or vocational role
positive group variables
A collection of favorable
curative factors within groups
positive forces
narcissistic groups
develop cohesiveness by encouraging hatred of an out-group or by creating an enemy. other focuses, blame, lack of self-reflection
psychic numbing
..., avoidance of dealing with a traumatic event
transformational leader
..., A leader who motivates people to transcend their personal interests for the good of the group.
traditional leader
..., A person who is controlling and exercises power from the top down as an expert: may be appropriate in running a hierarchical group that is diverse and whose members are physically separated.
authoritarian group leader
..., expert leader promotes his/her own agenda (teacher role)
Theory X Leader
an autocratic and coercive leader who basically believes people are unambitious and somewhat lazy
Democratic group leaders
More groups centered in less directives than authoritarian leaders. E.g. Carl Rogers. Facilitators of the group process and not directors of it. Theory Y leaders.
Theory Y Leaders
McGregor - human relations: work is "as natural as play," workers are self-directed, responsible, need freedom
more effective than Leader X
Laissez-faire leaders
leaders who are only minimally involved in decision making and who encourage group members to make their own decisions.
Theory Z Leader
Leader that encourage members to participate & trust members to meet individual and collective goals thru interaction
leaderless group
Group for mutual support, usually end creating some leadership style that is comfortable to the group
intrapersonal style of group leadership
...
core mechanism
Organization has a mechanism to respond on an urgent basis to situations that pose an immediate threat to the health and safety of consumers.
emotional stimulation
Leaders must promote sharing on an effective as well as emotional level. Need to inspire members to open up and share their own emotions in order for the group to be a success. challenging, confronting, emphasizing the disclosing of feelings
meaning attribution
Leaders ability to explain to group members in a cognitive way what is happening in the group. Leaders need to be able to identify the reasons behind the behavior of group members. Clarifying, interpreting
executive functioning
a set of mental processes that control and regulate other behaviors
trait approach
an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions
settling-down period
ages 33-39 : making it in the adult world, establish yourself in society by advancing chosen occupation.
heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
we/they mentality
we are fighting for justice, they are plotting against us, system of thought in which the individual creates 2 distinct tribes identifying 1 as good, the other as evil and indentifies him or herself with the good side
communication facilitator
sensitive listeners and info brokers
liaisons and interpreters
effective 2-way communications improves quality of decisions
mediation
To act as an intermediary; to work with opposing sides in order to resolve a conflict.
position power
the amount of legitimate, reward, and coercive power that a leader has by virtue of his or her position in an organization; a determinant of how favorable a situation is for leading
personal power
the ability to influence our own life and the people and events around us
shared power
when our personal power is used to complement or increase other people's power
apprenticed
contracted to learn a trade under a skilled worker
group-based training
trainers identify and define specific skills used in groups, both videotaping and role playing is used to show how a skill is employed, trainee demonstrates how s/he should use a skill that was shown, then demonstarte their own 20 min session
critical-incident model
Phase 1 (within 24 hrs of incident):
-Diffuse and debreif
-Emotional first aid
-Establish confidentiality
Phase 2 (withing 72 hrs of incident):
-More general group can be involved
-Information sharing
-Deals with those directly and indirectly involved
-Movement between cognitive and emotional responses
intervention cube
concept model for training group leaders
skilled group counseling training model
a model for helping beginning group workers learn and transfer group counseling skills to actual group counseling sessions
skilled group counseling scale
18 skills organized into three stages: 1) counseling and exploration, 2) understanding, and 3) action
self-efficacy
Refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels
professional skills
..., specific skills that are directly related to the performance of day-to-day administrative functions
cyclotherapy process
the idea that after the group first meets, it continues to evolve and can be conceptualized as forever forming, with certain issues returning from time to time to be explored into greater depth.
forming stage
the first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty
eclectic
selecting what seems best of various styles or ideas
confidentiality
discretion in keeping secret information
manipulators
group members who use feelings and behaviors to get their way regardless of what others want or need. Often they are angry.
reframing
the process of redefining events and experiences from a different point of view
silent members
sign of hostility or shyness, nonassertive reflecting or delay in assessing feelings.
fix: drawing out, & acceptance by group
group cohesion
the "interpersonal glue" that makes members of a group stick together
joining
a structural family therapy term for accepting and accommodating to families to win their condifence and circumvent resistance
drawing out
by drawing someone out the facilitator is making the judgment that this is useful for the rest of the group
primary tension
the uncertainty commonly felt in the beginning phase of decision making
secondary tension
conflict or tension found in the second or conflict phase of the decision-making process
conflict resolution
the process of ending a conflict through cooperation and problem solving
conflict management
the use of resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve the desired level of conflict
informational power
based on the persuasive content of what the dominant person tells another individual
influential power
power that is supported by persuasion
authoritative power
social position or responsibility in an organization "pulling rank
intellectualization
(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict
band-aiding
misuse of support; preventing others from fully expressing their emotional pain through ventilating their feelings
monopolizing
taking complete control or possession of someone or something
attack on the group leader
...
task processing
uses feedback
constantly processes information
calm and cool
scapegoat
a person or thing carrying the blame for others
process observer
neutral third party professional who observes the group and gives it feedback on it's interpersonal and interactive processes
leveling
...
feedback
The receiver's response to a message
informal feedback
verbal or nonverbal messages given spontaneously to the speaker during or after the speech
formal feedback
also called "critique" of planned written or oral comments that evaluate the speech
conflict management orientation
...
norms
shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations
group norming
Articulation of group norms and identification. (comm actions have low ambiguity, and low conflict/ the comm activities have the dissipation of conflict, and decisions to help reach the final goal).
existential variables
...
cooperation
people working together for a common goal
collaboration
working together
pseudo-acceptance
...
SYMLOG
System for the Multiple Level Observations of Groups
THREE DIMENSIONS:
Forward-Backward:
F-accepting authority
B-rejecting authority
Positive-Negative:
P: Friendly behavior
N: unfriendly behavior
Upward-Downward:
U: Dominant behavior
D: Submissive Behavior
supporting
a listening response that demonstrates solidarity with a speaker's situation.
empathizing
conveying to the speaker that you understand and share his or her feelings on the topic being discussed
facilitating
involves helping members to express themselves clearly and to take action in a group.
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
chicanas
Mexican-American girls and women
sweat lodge ceremony
a cleansing ritual meant to purify the body and to facilitate the attainment of wisdom and insight
talking circle
a structured discussion used by many Nations to share and solve problems
inner circle/ outer circle approach
...
speciality groups
...
telephone support
...
prevention groups
1) Therapy: unstructured/ wide open, done in differ ways, group situation deal with issues, advantages are not alone and others are having the same issues you are--> normalizing reaction..Disadvantage is anxiety or comfortable in individual therapy, anxious speaking (create safe environment)
2) Structured- small class, once a week, lots of topics
-decision making, parent effectiveness, training, study skills, test anxiety
six hats approach
...
parallel thinking
Thinking of things in terms of a Black and White Argument
spaghetti thinking
...
SCAMPER model
substitute, combine, adapt, modify, minify, magnify, put to other uses, eliminate, reverse or rearrange
autonomy
self-rule; independence
beneficence
doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action
nonmaleficence
Do no harm
veracity
truthfulness
social group work
A social work method involving intervention with groups of individuals that uses structured interaction to promote individual and group functioning and well-being
collective counseling
Adler (1920) child guidance group in Vienna, group approach to understand child's problem were related to family issues
family councils
Family Meetings Adler
theater of spontaneity
...
alcoholics anonymous
Twelve-step, self-help program that provides social support for achieving sobriety
A-B-C-D-E Worksheet
...
guidance hour
...
psychodrama
is a clinical technique that assigns roles to participants who must react spontaneously to a dramatic context that has been devised by a therapist
group analysis
a unit of analysis in which groups are the source of data and the focus of conclusions
phyloanalysis
...
field theory
Paying attention to and exploring what is occurring at the boundary between the person and the environment.
national training laboratories
focus was the growth of basic skills training and it eventually evolved into the Training Group (T-Group) movement.
basic skills training
...
tavistock institute of human relations
...
ASGPP
American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama, founded by J. L. Moreno
AGPA
American Group Psychotherapy Association
BA activity
(Basic Assumption) - emotional pattern of an antiwork group; can be broken down further into three subpatters: 1) BA dependency - members are overdependent on the group leader, 2) BA pairing - members are more interested in being with one another than in working on a goal, 3) BA Fight-Flight - members become preoccupied with either engaging in or avoiding hostile conflict.
basic encouter groups
focuses on individuals' awareness of their own emotional experiences and the behaviors of others; emphasis placed on the awareness and exploration of intrapsychic and interpersonal issues; often known as personal growth groups.
sensitivity groups
Groups whose direct focus is on personal and interpersonal focus
marathon groups
Rely on long sessions (over a weekend or several days) to break down defenses and facades of members so the members can confront issues in an honest, real, and genuine way.
transactional analysis
Eric Berne. Focuses on interactions of ppl. Relies on Id, Ego, Superego, thepry of personality, and an organized system of interactional therapy. We make current decisions based on past premises that were at one time appropriate for our survival
group think
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
ASGW
The association for specialists in group work. Is a division of the ACA that focuses primarily on group intervention.
general systems theory
a biological model of living systems as whole entities that maintain themselves through continuous input/output from environment
developmental group counsel
psychoeducational groups often used for teaching basic life skills
focus groups
..., small groups of people who are interviewed, typically to provide advertising or public relations professionals with detailed information
social justice
fair treatment of all people in a society
simulated group counseling
a model for introducing graduate students to the dynamics within a group; the students role-play group members for a number of weeks.
process-play
a simulation model for group work training wherein students respond to superficial characteristics, such as whether a member is tall or is wearing green.
groupware
the collective name of computer support for something a group does.
asynchronous
not occurring at the same time
synchronous
Happening at the same time as
storming
The stage of group development characterized by conflict and power plays as members seek to have their ideas accepted and to find their place within the group's power structure.
Blind quadrant
information originally unknown to oneself but known to others when the group began.
Brainstorming
a way to stimulate divergent thinking; requires an initial generating of ideas in a nonjudgmental manner. The premise of this approach is that creativity and member participation are often held back because of the critical evaluation of ideas and actions by other group members.
Cognitively restructure
a process in which group members are taught to identify, evaluate, and change self-defeating or irrational thoughts that negatively influence their behavior.
Cohesiveness
the togetherness of a group, "we-ness
Confrontation
challenging group members to look at the discrepancies and incongruences between their words and their actions
Corrective emotional experience
a hallmark of the working stage of a group' a group member is helped by others to interact interpersonally in an appropriate way through reality testing responses.
Devil's advocate procedure
procedure in which one or more members in the group are asked to question group decisions with a firm skepticism before the group reaches a conclusion.
Excursions
a part of synectics in which members actually take a break, a vacation, from problem solving and engage in exercises involving fantasy, metaphor, and analogy. The idea is that the material generated in these processes can later be reintegrated back into the group.
Exercises
planned activities that have been used previously to help group members become more aware; structured activities that the group does for a specific purpose
Feedback
involves one person giving another his or her perception of behavior, sharing relevant information with other people, such as how they appear to others , so they can make decisions about whether they would like to change. Feedback information should be given in a clear, concrete, succinct, and appropriate manner.
Group observing group / Fishbowl procedure
When a group breaks into smaller groups and each observes the other function (as outsiders) for a set amount of time
Group processing
when a neutral third party observes and offers feedback to the group members interact or structure themselves in relationship to others.
Hidden quadrant
In Johari window, contains undisclosed information known only to oneself initially.
Homework
working outside the group itself, members implement behaviors they have addressed or practiced within the group. These real-life situation help them realize more fully what they need to work on in the group.
Humor
the ability to laugh at oneself and the group in a therapeutic and nondefensive manner; an especially important quality during the working stage of the group.
Incorporation
personal awareness and appreciation of what the group has accomplished both on an individual and collective level.
Johari Awareness Model/ Johari Window
a representative square with four quadrants that is often used to show what happens in group interactions when the group and its members are work or not working
Memory decay
where more frequent life events of group members overshadow previous group experiences.
Nominal-group technique (NGT)
a six-step process involving the generation bother verbally and in writing of a number of ideas/solutions connected with a problem statement. This exercise does not require the open exposure of members as much as brainstorming and ends with a vote, discussion, and revote on priorities for resolving a situation. The time period is 45 to 90 minutes, after which the group, composed of people from diverse settings, is disbanded and the members thanked for their participation
Open quadrant
In the Johari Window, contains information that is gernaly known to self and others.
Process observer
a professional human services person who is neutral in regard to the group agenda and personalities; as part of the procedure of group processing, observes and gives feedback to the group members and the group as a whole.
Role playing
assuming an identity that differs from one's present behavior. Role playing is a tool for bringing a specific skill and its consequences into focus. It is vital for experiential learning in the group.
Rounds
the process of giving members of a group an equal chance to participate in the group by going around the circle in which they are sitting and asking each person to make a comment on a subject that is presently before the group.
Self-disclosure
revealing to the group personal information of which the group was previous unaware. It involves listening and receiving feedback as well as speaking. One of the strongest signs of trust in a group is self-disclosure.
Synectics
means the joining together of difference and apparently irrelevant elements. Synectics theory applies to the integration of diverse individuals into a problem-stating, problem-solving group.
Team
numbers of persons associated together in work or activity, such as in athletic or artistic competition, in which members of a group act and perform in a coordinated way to achieve a goal. Teams differ from basic groups in four main ways: 1. They have shared goals as opposed to individual goals in most groups. 2. They stress an interdependency in working more than do groups. 3. They require more of a commitment by members to a team effort. 4. They are by design accountable to a higher level within the organization than are groups.
Team building
effective development of a team through managing conflict, promoting interpersonal relationships, and achieving consensus.
Team Player Inventory (TPI)
a 10-item assessment instrument that denotes the degree to which individuals are predisposed toward organizational team-working environments.
Teamwork
all members of a group working together cooperatively
Therapeutic fairy tale
a projective group activity meant to help persons focus on the future and renew their effort in the group. In the process, individuals are asked to write a fairy tale in a 6 to 10 minute time frame. They are to begin their story with "Once upon a time," and in it they are to include: A. a problem or predicament, B. A solution, even if it appears outlandish, C. a positive, pleasing ending. The tale is then discussed in regard to personal and group goals.
Unknown quadrant
in Johari window, contains material hidden from self and others because of lack of opportunity.
Working stage
most unified and productive group stage that focuses on the achievement of individual and group goals and the movement of the group itself as a system.
Culturally encapsulated
holding stereotyped vies of others who differ from oneself and acting accordingly.
Group collusion
involves cooperating with others unconsciously or consciously to reinforce prevailing attitudes, values, behaviors, or norms. The purpose of such behavior is self-protection, and its effect is to maintain the status quo in the group.
Groupthink
A group situation in which there is a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures.
Leadership style
a democratic style works best in building teams because of its cooperative emphasis.
Member maturity and motivation
The more of each, the better.
Group task or purpose characteristics
some tasks lend themselves to cooperative work more than others.
Membership stability and group size
Irregular attendance is distracting and having either too many or too few members prohibits the development of a team effort.
Time availability
It is crucial that group goals match time availability.
Organizational, institutional, cultural, and societal expectations
The setting in qhich a group is conducted will influence whether teamwork is valid.
A-B-C model of human interaction
A" is the event, "B" is the thought process, and "C" is the feeling state resulting from one's thoughts. To change negative or nonproductive feelings, individuals need to think differently.
Acting "as if
An Adlerian therapeutic technique wherein someone acts "as if" he or she were the person he or she wishes to be.
Action exercises
sensory awareness methods or guided imagery used in the psychodrama warm-up phase to help members discover common themes within the group as well as focus more on individual concerns.
Action-centered view of groups
The view that groups for children under 12 yars of age should involve play and action
Action-oriented group techniques
Techniques that require group members to behave in an active manner
Active listening
to hear the tone and meanings behind verbal communication and to pick up on messages in nonverbal behaviors
Activity group guidance (AGG)
Group guidance involving activities that are developmental in nature; typically includes coordinated guidance topics.
Actors
those who play the parets of other important peole or objects in a psychodrama play.
Adlerian parent education
stresses cooperation among family members as a goal and emphasizes the use of logical and natural consequences to avoid power struggles.
Adlerian Theory
An approach founded by Alfred Adler that concentrates on the inherent social interest of persons and emphasizes social development, cooperation, and education.
Adult children of alcoholics (ACoAs)
adults who grew up in families in which one of both parents abused alcohol.
Adult ego state
The realistic, logical part of a person, which functions like a computer in that it receives and processes information from the Parent, the Child, and the environment.
Adulthood
a somewhat nebulous term implying that a person has reached physical, mental, social, and emotional maturity.
Advice/evaluation
telling people how to behave or judging them (Low facilitative response)
Aging process
a biological phenomenon composed of physiological changes as well as a mental process of considering oneself older.
Amplify
to emphasize statements made by the protagonist in psychodrama.
Analyzing/interpreting
explaining the reasons behind behavior without giving the person an opportunity for self-discovery (Low facilitative response)
Anxiety
tension: an uneasy feeling that accompanies decision making or performance.
Assessing members' growth and change
a technique similar to person reviews but, in assessment, the emphasis is on individuals' memories of themselves at the beginning of group and now. The idea of such an exercise is to have members see and share significant gains with themselves and others.
Attractiveness
a multidimensional concept that basically refers to members positively identifying with others in the group.
Audience
a term used to describe others who may be presnt during the psychodrama.
Authenticity
the ability to affirm oneself and to make the most of discovering and using one's talents and creativity.
Auxiliary counselors
group members who act as cocounselors once someone has presented a problem; occurs when a rational-emotive behavioral therapy group leader encourages it to help participants benefit from multiple input.
Awareness
Gestalt term for a total organismic response to the environment so that a person gains insight and control over situation and becomes responsible in achieving a healthy response to life events.
Basic encounter group
first established by Carl Rogers to describe his approach to group; focuses on individuals' awareness of their own emotional experiences and the behaviors of others; emphasis is placed on the awareness and exploration of intrapsychic and interpersonal issues. Encounter groups are often known as personal growth groups because the emphasis in these groups is on a personal development.
BASIC ID
A. Lazarus's multimodal model for helping; includes the components of behavior, effect, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relations, and drugs.
Behavior disputation
rational-emotive behavior therapy treatment that involves many forms, from reading (bibliotherapy) to role playing in the group. Often enactment of the problem within the group setting and possible ways of handling it are used. Homework may then be assigned in the form of shame attacks.
Body language
a Gestalt concept in which emphasis is placed on what a person's body is doing, such as a hand tapping.
Boundaries
physical and psychological parameters under which a group operates, such as starting and ending on time
C Group
a type of Adlerian parent education group; each component of the group - collaboration, consultation, and commitment - begins with C. The group is primarily psychoeducational. It emphasizes developmental and preventive aspects of parenting.
Capping
The process of easing out emotional interaction and into cognitive reflection; especially useful during termination
Career change groups
groups or adults in midlife that are both psychoeducational and psychotherapeutic in nature
Career support groups
groups geared to life-span issues of work
Catharsis
a release of pent-up feelings, such as anger or joy; a psychoanalytic concept
Changing questions to statements
Gestalt procedure that requires a group member who raised a question to rephrase it as a statement
Child ego state
divided into two parts: 1. Adapted child conforms to the rules and wishes of Parent ego states within the self and others. 2. Free child reacts more spontaneously, has fun, and is curious and playful. It takes care of its needs without regard for others while using its intuition to read nonverbal cues.
Circle
In this group configuration, all members have direct access to one another and there is implied equality in status and power,
Cognitive disputation
a process in REBT that involves direct questioning, reasoning, and persuasion.
Community for learning
a large-group phenomenon in the 1970s initiated by Carl Rogers in which about 100 people live and work together for two weeks at a time.
Condemning questions
questions that put people down and prevent them from seeing situations more honestly and openly.
Confront
to challenge incongruencies in thoughts and actions
Confrontation
challenging group members to look at the descrepancies and incongruencies between their words and their actions.
Consciousness-raising (C-R) group
a group set up to help its participants become more aware of the issues they face and choices they have within their environment.
Control Theory
a complete system for explaining how the brain works. Added to the base of reality therapy in the 1980s to make it more complete.
Countertransference
a leaders emotional responses to members that are a result of the leader's own needs or unresolved issues with significant others.
Couples group therapy
proponents of group therapy list many advantages for it, including: a. identification by group members of appropriate and inappropriate behaviors and expectations by others. b. development of insight and skills through observing other couples, c. group feedback and support for the ventilation of feelings and changed behavior, d. lower cost.
Crash-program mentality
when group experiences are carried out to excess.
Crisis-centered groups
groups formed because of some emergency, such as conflict between rival groups.
Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) groups
an event that has the power to shape or influence the group positively or negatively
Denial
acting as if an experience does not exist or will never end.
Developing Understanding of Self and Others - Revised (DUSO-R)
a commercial classroom guidance program based on Adlerian theory.
Developmental factors
variables such as the age, gender, and maturity level of those involved groups.
Developmental psychoeducational groups
groups that focus of common concerns of adolescents, such as identity, sexuality, parents, peer relationships, career goals, and educational/institutional problems. Individuals who join these groups do so out of a sense needs.
Dialogue
talk between others and oneself or between different aspects of oneself; one of the two primary therapeutic tools in Gestalt therapy (along with awareness)
Director
the person who guides the protagonist in the use of a psychodramatic method to help that person explore his or her problem. The director is roughly equivalent to the group leader in other theoretical approaches but serves as a producer, a facilitator, an observer, and an analyzer.
Discussion teams
small groups used to promote involvement in guidance activities. In this arrangement, a large group is divided into four or five teams that are then seated in semicircles around the room. This formation has the advantage of getting members involved with one another and raising the level of excitement among them. The disadvantages are that interactions is mainly limited to a small number of individuals and that other group members do not get the advantage of participated in all the groups.
Dream work
see by Fritz Perls as "the royal road to integration." It is used by having those who dream recreate and relive the dream in the present. By doing so, these individuals become all parts of the dream. They may do this through working alone in the group settings or having others in the group act out different parts of the dream.
Dual nature of human beings
an REBT concept that individuals are both rational and irritation.
Dual-focused Gestalt group work
a Gestalt approach in which attention is concentrated on group process, with power of individual work within the group.
Dyads
groups of two.
Eating disorders groups
professionally led psychotherapeutic and support groups for individuals who have obsessive and distorted ideas in regard to thinness and body image.
Ego state
(TA) a system of feelings accompanied by a related set of behavior patterns; the three basic TA ego states are Parent ,Adult, and Child.
Egogram
(TA) a bar graph shoing how people structure their time in six major ways: A. withdrawal, B. Ritual, C. Pastimes, D. Work, E. Games, and F. intimacy
Elasticity
a Gestalt term describing the ability to move from one set of needs to another and back.
Emotional ambivalence
feelings of loss, sadness, and separation mixed with those of hope, joy, and accomplishment.
Emotional debris
unfinished business.
Emotional impact of separation
includes dealing with loss, putting the separation in perspective, become aware of the limted value of searching for causes of separation, becoming more cognizant of systems interactions (family, work, social network), using the past as a guide to the future, and moving for a dyadic to a monadic identity.
Emotional response of separation
focuses on continuing relationships with an ex-spouse; recognizing the influence of the separation of family, friends, and children; working and dating; and making sexual adjustments.
Empty chair technique
a Gestalt technique designed to help group members deal with different aspects of their personalities.
Encounter
an existentialist concept that involves total physical and psychological contact between person on an intense, concrete, and complete basis in the here and now; a psychodrama concept.
Encouragement
an Adlerian technique of having group members examine their lifestyles in regard to mistaken perceptions and take note of their assets, strengths, and talents. Encouragement in one of the most distinctive Adlerian procedures.
Energy field
the sum total of individual members' energies an attention in a group.
Evaluation questionnaire
serves the purpose of helping group members be concrete in assessing the group in which they have participated. This questionnaire can take many forms but is best if kept brief. An evaluation questionnaire should cover at least three aspects of the group: the leadership of the group, the facilities in which the group was held, and the group's effectiveness in achieving its objectives.
Exercises
planned activities that have been used previously to help group members become more aware; structured activities that the group does for a specific purpose.
Experiments
nonplanned experiences that occur spontaneously in the group session
Facilitative feedback
telling another person the effect he or she has on you as a compliment or confrontation.
Facilitators
term for Rogerian group leaders
Families in high-risk environments
families living in neighborhoods prone to violence.
Fantasy exercises
a method used in Gestalt group work to help group members A. be more concrete in assessing their feelings, B. deal with catastrophic experiences, C. explore and express feelings of guilt and shame, and D. become more involved in the group. It is not necessary for group members to live out their fantasies.
Farewell-party syndrome
a dynamics in which group members emphasize only the positive aspects of what has occurred in the group, instead of what they have learned. This type of focus tends to avoid the pain of closure.
Faulty logic
irrational ideas that clients hold.
Feedback
involves one person giving another his or her perception of a behavior, sharing relevant information with other people, such as how they appear to others, so they can make decisions about whether they would like to change. Feedback information should be given in a clear, concrete, succinct, and appropriate manner.
Fishbowl
the use of in and out circles in conducting a group.
Floating hot seat
Gestalt technique in which interaction is promoted by encouraging group members to work on exploring their own person issues when someone else in the group touches on an issue that has personal relevance for them.
Follow-up
reconnecting with group members after they have had time to process what they experienced in group and work on their goals/objectives.
Four types of thoughts: negative, positive, neutral, and mixed
An REBT concept: A negative thoughts concentrate on painful or disappointing aspects of an event. B. positive thoughts focuses on just the opposite, C. neutral cognitions are those that are neither positive nor negative, and D. mixed thoughts contain elements of the other three thought processes.
Game analysis
(TA) an examination of destructive and repetitive behavioral patterns and an analysis of the ego states and types of transactions involved.
Games
(TA) an ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions progressing to a well-defined, predictable outcome. Games are played on three levels, and almost all of the are destructive and result in negative payoffs.
First degree games
least harmful; minor faults are highlights.
Second degree games
more serious; interactive process leaves the people involved feeling negative.
Third degree games
deadly and often played for keeps. There is nothing socially redeemable. People who play games operate from three distinct positions: a victim, persecutor, and rescuer.
Generalization
the display of behaviors in environments other than where they are originally learned.
Generativity
a goal of midlife, according to Erik Erikson, in which people seek to be creative in their lives and work for the benefit of others and the next generation.
Genogram
a type of family tree.
Gestalt Therapy
an experiential and humanistic approach to change founded by Fritz Perls, along with Laura Perls and Paul Goodman. It emphasizes teaching of awareness skills and stressed interpersonal interactions and learning through enactment.
Group for survivors of suicide
a group for adults that helps them break out of isolation and resolve grief issues specific to suicide. Can also be conducted on a self-help and support group basis.
Group process goals
in Alderian groups, goals center around promoting and experiencing a cooperative climate within the group.
Group therapy for normal
premise of basic encounter groups: individuals who participate are relatively healthy.
Groups for victims of abuse
these groups may deal with physical, sexual, or emotional abuse that took place when the member was a child or an adult
Growth-centered groups
groups that focus on the personal and social development of people and are set up to explore feelings, concerns, and behaviors about a number of everyday subjects.
HELPING framework
D.B. Keat's multimodal framework for helping: Heath, Emotions, Learning, Personal Interactions, Imagery, Need to know, and Guidance
Here and now
the present
Highly structured groups
groups with a predetermined goal and plan designed to enable each group member to reach an identified goal with minimum frustrations. Such groups are usually used in teaching skills that may be transferred to a wide range of life events.
High-risk families
families prone to violence
Homework
working outside the group itself, members implement behaviors they have addressed or practiced within the group. These real-life situations help them realize more fully what they need to work on in the group.
Hot seat
Gestalt Therapy Technique often used in group sessions the counselor confronts the person in the "Hot Seat" while other group member just listen, the members will then get an opportunity to relate their own experiences to that of the one in the "Hot Seat
Imaginal disputation
a technique that has participants see themselves in stressful situations and examine their self-talk.
Imago (image) relationship therapy
image therapy; an eclectic approach to working with couples that includes elements of psychoanalysis, transactional analysis, Gestalt psychology, cognitive therapy, and systems theory.
Impasses
In Gestalt Theory, the place where people get stuck.
In and out circles
The inner circle promotes a sense of closeness, but those in the outer circle may feel left out and become bored. To help promote participation by everyone, group leaders can assign tasks for the outside group members to do while they observe the inside group.
Individual goals
individual motives for joining a group
Information statement
a written description of what a group is about and what is expected of its members.
Injunctions
(TA) parent commands records internally by a child that call for the individual to adopt certain roles.
Insight
grasping the inner nature of things intuitively
Insight and reorientation phases of the group
An Adlerian groups, involves helping individuals understand why they made the choices they did in the past, often accompanied by the use of interpretations on the group leader's part that is offered as a tentative hypothesis.
Interpersonal goals
something one person wants to achieve that is linked to another person's thoughts, feelings, or actions
Interpretation of a person's early history
in Adlerian groups, group members' recognition and understanding of the ways they created their own lifestyles.
Intrinsically neutral
as an approach, Gestalt theory views individuals as neither positive nor negative (i.e. without a predetermined set of responses.
Job support groups
groups for people who have lost their jobs and need emotional support; who want to learn how to achieve career goals and are willing to spend a good deal of time in doing so; and who are unemployed and are emotionally struggling with the stigma, shame, and isolation of their situations.
Jogging group
approach built on the premise that physical exercise is an important element that contributes to people's abilities to perform better in all areas of life. The jogging group itself combines an hour of exercise , in the form of walking, jogging, or running and another hour of group process.
Journal letters
a way of ending a group; members and the leader write about their experiences in the group and give their letters to one another.
Journals
a daily, or periodic, account of events and the writer's thoughts and feelings about those events
Layers of neurosis
1) Phony Layer- playing games to get love "Play stupid"
-get people to meet our needs "Play crazy"
2) Phobic Layer- fears
3) Impasse Layer- never going to get specific need (depressing)
4) Implosive Layer-have life
5) Explosive Layer- live life to the fullest
Life script analyses
(TA) an examination of people's basic life plans involving transactions and games.
Linking
the process of connecting persons with one another by pointing out to them what they share in common. Linking strengthens the bonds between individuals and the group as a whole.
Living Newspaper
a dramatic technique devised by Jacob Moreno in psychodrama in which recent happenings - sometimes local incidents, sometimes developments in world politics - were spontaneously dramatized.
Making the rounds
a warm-up technique in which each member is given a chance to speak about a particular topic. In Gestalt groups, confrontation is heightened as group members are asked to say something they usually do not verbalize.
Making wishes into demands
using should, ought, and must in regard to a desired action.
Marriage enrichment
a psychoeducational and growth group for marrieds aimed at helping them have healthier relationships
Midlife
ages 40 - 65 years.
Mixed-gender groups
groups composed of both males and females.
Multiple-family group therapy (MFGT)
...involves treating several families together at the same time. it requires the use of co-leaders and has many of the same advantages that couples group therapy has, including the fact that families can often serve as cotherapists for one another.
Mythopoetic
refers to a process of ceremony, drumming, storytelling/poetry reading, physical movement, and imagery exercises designed to create a "ritual process"; a process often used in men's groups.
Natural consequences
living with the results of a particular behavior, such as not following instructions (an Adlerian concept).
Nondevelopmental counseling and psychotherapy groups
adolescent groups that tend to focus mainly on concerns of adults and society, such as drug abuse, school problems, or deviant behavior. Usually, these groups are set up by a school, agency, or court, and troubled adolescents are forced to attend.
Nondevelopmental factors
unpredictable qualities such as the nature of a problem, the suddenness of its appearance, the intensity of its severity, and the present coping skills.
Nonverbal cues
such behaviors as body posture and facial expressions.
Operations
specific techniques employed by transactional analysis group leaders, such as interrogation, specification, confrontation, explanation, illustration, confirmation, interpretation, and crystallization.
Paradox
asking members to do the opposite of what you want in the hope they will disobey.
Parent education groups
primarily psychoeducational groups focusing on the raising of children.
Parent Effectiveness Training (PET)
Parent education program; Rogerian based; emphasis on communication skills, and parents are encouraged to recognize their positive and negative feelings toward their children and come to terms with their own humanness.
Parent ego state
(TA) dualistic in being both nurturing and critical (or controlling). The function of the Critical Parent is to store and dispense the rules of protection for living. The function of the Nurturing parent is to care for.
Parents Without Partners (PWP)
a popular national organization whose groups for the divorced and windowed tend to be psychoeducational.
Pat on the back
a closing exercise in which members draw the outline of their hand on a piece of why paper that is then taped on their back. Other group members then write closing comments that are positive and constructive about the person on the hand outline or on the paper itself.
Permission
(TA) centers on giving group members directives on behave against the injunctions of their parents.
Personal growth
Rogerian term; a global emphasis that stresses development as a result of experiences, such as travel or encounter.
Personal responsibility
an existentialist concept, being responsible for making meaning out of what one does or what occurs.
Person-centered group work
basic encounter group
Polarities
two interrelated, interdependent, opposite poles, such as career and family.
Polarization
when a group becomes divided into different and opposing subgroups or camps.
Potency
the use of appropriate counseling techniques in certain situations to bring about change.
Preadolescents
children in the latency period with an age range from 9 to 13 years.
Premature termination
when individuals quit a group abruptly or when the group experience ends suddenly because of actions by the leader. There are three types: 1. the termination of the group as a whole. 2. The termination of a successful group member. 3. the termination of an unsuccessful group member.
Preschool and early school-aged children
ages 5 through 9
Principle of awareness
Gestalt assumption that people are free to choose only with they are self-aware. That is, in touch with their existence and what it means to be alive. Awareness includes all sensations, thoughts, and behaviors of the individuals.
Principle of figure/ground
Gestalt principle. The figure in one's person life is composed of experiences that are most important; the background is composed of experiences that are less pressing.
Principle of holism
integration
Principle of polarities
Gestalt belief that if people are to met their needs, then they must first differentiate their perceptual field into opposites/poles. (i.e. active/passive, good/bad) People fail to resolve conflicts because they are not in contact with the opposite sides of the situation.
Projecting the future
asking group members to imagine what changes they would like to make in the short term and long term.
Protagonist
the principal character in a work of fiction
Protections
involves a group leader keeping members safe from psychological or physical harm.
Psychodrama
an interpersonal group approach in which participants act out their emotions and attempt to clarify conflicts; a way of exploring the human psyche through dramatic action; three phases: 1. warm-up 2. action 3. integration
Push button
an Adlerian technique wherein individuals are helped to realize that they have choices in their lives regarding which stimuli they pay attention to and remember.
Rape survivors' group
a group for victims of rape aimed at helping them decrease their sense of isolation and stigma while learning to model effective coping strategies.
Rating sheet
an evaluation form members fill out and return before they terminate a group or a group session. Members can rate themselves, other members, and the leader on a number of dimensions, including involvement, risk taking, goals, emotional involvement, feedback, and productivity.
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
based on the idea that it is one's thinking about events that produces feelings, not situations themselves. Individuals who have negative, faulty, or irrational thoughts become emotionally disturbed or upset and act in nonproductive ways, whereas those with more neutral or positive thoughts feel calmer and behave constructively.
Reality Therapy
this theory emphasizes that all behavior is generated within ourselves for the purpose of satisfying one or more basic need.
Reality Therapy's four human psychological needs
belonging, power, freedom, and fun; one physiological need: survival
Reassuring/supportive
trying to encourage someone, yet dismissing the person's real feelings (Low facilitative response).
REBT viewpoint
involves convincing group that the premises on which REBT is based are valid and applicable to their situations
Recycling
when individuals who have not benefited from a group experience go through a similar group to learn lessons missed the first time.
Redecision school of TA
emphasis is on intrapsychic process; groups provide a living experiences in which members are bale to examine themselves and their histories in a precise way. Individuals can then change their life scripts.
Redecision theory
a special form of transactional analysis; helps clients make redecisions while they are in their Child ego state. This task is accomplished by having these individuals re-experience a past even as if it were now present.
Relationship groups
A. when members show others in the group how they play to act in particular situations; B. in Gestalt groups, when members are invited to say out loud what they are thinking.
Reorientation
The phase of the counseling process in which clients are helped to discover a new and more functional perspective and are encouraged to take risks and make changes in their lives.
Reviewing and summarizing the group experience
procedure during termination in which group members recall and share special moments they remember from group.
Row formation
a group in which attention is focused toward the front. This arrangement is good for making a presentation, but it limits, and even inhibits, group interaction
Saying good-bye
the final words members exchange with others at the end of a group that wraps it up, at least on an effective/cognitive level. Members are encouraged to own their feelings and express their thoughts at this time, especially in regard to what others in the group have meant to them.
Scripts
(TA) The patterns of behavior that influence how people spend their time.
Search for meaning
the search to find significance in one's life, even in the mundane events.
Self-actualization
realistically living up to one's potential' being the best one can be.
Self-awareness
a state of being in touch with one's existence and what it means to be alive; includes all sensations, thoughts, and behaviors of an individual.
Self-report research format
research method used by Rogers and nonbehaviorists in which participants write out or check off how they have changed as a result of the group experience.
Self-talk
the messages people give themselves internally.
Setting up the environment
establishing an atmosphere in which work within the group can take place.
Shame attack
an REBT technique in which a person actually does what he or she dreaded and finds the world does not fall apart regardless of the outcome.
Situation
a psychodrama technique in which an emphasis is placed on the present; natural barriers of time, space, and states of existence are obliterated.
Social interest
an Adlerian term defined as not only an interest in others but also an interest in the interests of others.
Solution-focused debriefing (SFD) groups
groups that help victims of violence deal with its repercussions, such as feelings of helplessness, anxiety, depression, and disorganization, spanning seven stages in three weeks for enhanced recovery.
Sophistry
a cognitive, psychotherapeutic group technique for assessing offenders' (and involuntary clients) "private logic" (i.e. way of thinking) and helping them change. This method helps counselors get beyond offenders' resistance. It employs paradox, use of hidden reasons in group debate, and a reorientation phase to get offenders to examine their thinking.
Spillover effect
the impact for others who are helping or watching a main character in a psychodrama reach resolution on important issues; they see themselves as interacting in a new and better way.
Spontaneity
in psychodrama, the response people make that contains some degree of adequacy to a new situation or a degree of novelty to an old situation. The purpose of spontaneity is to liberate one's self from scripts and stereotypes and gain new perspectives on life.
Stage
in psychodrama, the area in which the action takes place.
Strokes
(TA) verb, psychological, or nonverbal recognition.
Style of life
Adlerian term; the way one prefers to live and relate to others. Adlerians stress that a faulty lifestyle is based on competitiveness and striving to be superior to others.
Succeeding in School Lessons
10 lessons; modeling after successful people in school while learning to feel comfortable and responsible.
Surplus reality
psychological experience that transcends the boundaries of physical reality. These experiences, which include relationships with those who have died or were never born, or with God, are often as important to people as their actual experience with physical entities.
Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (S.T.E.P.)
Adlerian based parent education program.
Task setting
an Adlerian technique wherein individuals set short-range, attainable goals and eventually work up to long-term, realistic objectives.
Teachable moment
a time when people are ready and able to learn.
Tele
the total communication of feelings among people; involves complete interpersonal and reciprocal empathy; a psychodrama concept.
Themes
specific topics or subjects related to the genuine interests of the participants, thereby holding their interest and inviting their participation. Many adolescent group work best when they are structured around themes.
Time limit for the group
the number of times that the group will meet, usually announced in advance.
Timely teaching
when a particular even stimulates thinking and discussion among students.
Top dog/underdog dialogue
Gestalt method in which group members are asked to examine the introjections they have taken in from parents. (Shoulds.... and you) and their own real feelings about situations (I statements) they then are asked to carry on a dialogue between these two aspects of themselves before t group or with another group member and try to become more aware of their true self-identity and ways to act that would be appropriate.
Total quality movement (TQM)
in task/work environments, an emphasis on working cooperatively and productively in small groups
Transactional analysis (TA)
..., Berne's therapeutic approach focusing on interactions between people ("transactions"). Based on the notion that each individual possesses three ego states: Child, Parent, and Adult. Involves transactional, game, and script analysis.
Transactions
social actions between two or more people, manifested in social (overt) and psychological (covert) levels.
Transference
(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another
Transient children
children who have moved to a new community and a new school.
Trilevel model Gestalt group work
attention is systematically focused on a) the individual at the intrapersonal level, b) two or more people at the interpersonal level, C) the group as a systematic unit.
Unfinished business
emotional debris from a person's past.
Universalization
The spread of culture, trends, customs and practices around the world.
Unstructured group
..., the group dynamics will be used to determine the direction of the group - can be very nerve-racking to less developed individuals but can be energizing to more highly developed participants.
Young adulthood
ages 20 to 40 years, in which identity and intimacy are two intense primary issues.