theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy

Viktor Frankl

He believed that the essence of being lies in searching for meaning and purpose. He believed that love is the highest goal to which humans can aspire and that our salvation is through our love. We can discover this meaning through our actions and deeds.

Rolla May

He believed psychotherapy should be aimed at helping people discover the meaning of their lives and should be concerned with the problems of being rather than with problems.

Irvin Yalom

developed an approach to psychotherapy that addresses 4 given for existence or ultimate human concerns:
Freedom and responsibility,
existential isolation,
meaninglessness, and
death

Main Existential Therapists

Irvin Yalom, Rolla May, and Viktor Frankl

What is Existential Therapy

An insight therapy that focuses on the elemental problems of existence, such as death, meaning, choice, and responsibility; emphasizes making courageous life choices.

Existential Therapy is grounded on

the assumption that we are free and therefore responsible for our choices and actions.

Existential Therapy key concepts what are they

the capacity for self awareness,
freedom and responsibility,
striving for identity and relationship to others,
the search for meaning,
anxiety as a condition of living,
and awareness of death and nonbeing.

Existential Therapy are confronted with

addressing ultimate concerns rather than coping with immediate problems. (they are expected to put into action in daily life what they learned about themselves in therapy.)

Existential Therapeutic goals

*recognize factors that block freedom,
*to challenge clients to recognize that they are doing something that they formerly thought was happening to them,
*to widen clients' perspectives on choice and,
*to accept the freedom and responsibility that go alon

Existential Therapeutic Relationship

Therapy is a collaborative relationship in which both client and therapist are involved in a journey of self-discovery. (the relationship is important because the quality of the I/Thou encounters offers a context for change.)

Existential Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures

The approach places primary emphasis on understanding the clients current experience, not on using techniques.

Existential Therapeutic Application

focuses on encouraging clients to examine issues such as assuming personal responsibility, expanding their awareness of their current situation, and making a commitment to deciding and acting.

Existential Therapeutic Multicultural Perspective

is useful in working with culturally diverse clients because of its focus on universality, or the common ground that we all share. ( it focuses on I/Thou relationship, and courage)

Existential Therapeutic contributions

The essential humanity of the individual is highlight.

Existential Therapeutic limitations

the approach lacks a systematic statement of principles and practices of therapy. (many use vague and global terms or abstract concept that are difficult to grasp.)

Angst

anxiety; fear; dread

anxiety

A condition that results from having to face choices without clear guidelines and without knowing what the outcome will be.

authenticity

the process of creating, discovering, or maintaining the core deep within one's being; the process of becoming the person one is capable of becoming.

existential analysis

(dasein analyse) The emphasis of this therapy approach is on the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence.

existential anxiety

An outcome of being confronted with the four givens of existence: death, freedom, existential isolation, and meaninglessness.

existential guilt

The result of, or the consciousness of, evading the commitment to choosing for ourselves.

existential neurosis

Feelings of despair and anxiety that result from inauthentic living, a failure to make choices, and avoidance of responsibility.

existential tradition

Seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and the tragic dimensions of human existence and the possibilities and opportunities of human life.

existential vacuum

A condition of emptiness and hollowness that results from meaninglessness in life.

existentialism

(philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement stressing individual responsibility for creating one's ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

freedom

An inescapable aspect of the human condition; we are the authors of our lives and therefore are responsible for our destiny and accountable for our actions.

givens of existence

Core or universal themes in the therapeutic process: death, freedom, existential isolation, meaninglessness

inauthenticity

Lacking awareness of personal responsibility and passively assuming that our existence is largely controlled by external forces.

intersubjectivity

The fact of our interrelatedness with others and the need for us to struggle with this in a creative way.

logotherapy

Developed by Viktor Frankl, a brand of existential therapy that literally means "healing through reason"; focuses on challenging members to search for the meaning in life.

neurotic anxiety

A response out of proportion to the situation. It is typically out of awareness and tends to immobilize the person.

normal anxiety

An appropriate response to an event being faced.

phenomenology

A method of exploration that uses subjective human experiencing as its focus. The phenomenological approach is a part of the fabric of existentially oriented therapists, Adlerian therapy, person-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy, and reality therapy.

restricted existence

A state of functioning with a limited degree of awareness of oneself and being vague about the nature of one's problems

Carl Rogers

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

Natalie Rogers

Person Centered Expressive Arts Therapy

Main figures of person-center therapy

Carl Rogers, Natalie Rogers

Major are the focuses on Person-Center Therapy

a type of insight-oriented therapy that focuses on people's potential for growth and the importance of an empathic therapist.

Therapeutic goals of Person-Center Therapy

aims toward the client achieving a greater degree of independence and integration. it focus is on the peson, not on the person's presenting the problems

Carl Roger belief about therapy was

He did not believe the goal of therapy was merely to solve problems but rather to assist clients in their growth process so clients can better cope with problems as they identify them.

Person-Centered therapist's function and role

seems to indicate that the attitude of therapists, rather than their knowledge, theories, or techniques, facilitate change in the client.

Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship with clients

the qualities of the therapist that determined the relationship include genuineness, non-possessive warmth, accurate empathy, unconditional acceptance of respect for clients, caring and communication of those attitudes to the clients.

Techniques and procedure

like the existential approach the __________ approach stresses the client-therapist relationship, and techniques are secondary to the therapist's attitude.

what is essential for clients progress in person center therapy is?

the therapist's presence, being completely attentive to and immersed in the clients as well as in the client's expressed concerns.

Person-Centered therapy was one of the first to break away from what type of therapy?

from the traditional psychoanalysis

what type of contributions does person centered therapy offer?

It stresses the active role and responsibility of the client. It is a positive and optimistic view and calls attention to the need to account for a person's inner and subjective experiences.

Person-Centered therapy makes the therapeutic process__________

relationship -centered rather than technique centered. It focuses on the crucial role of the therapist attitude.

accurate empathic understanding

The act of perceiving accurately the internal frame of reference of another; the ability to grasp the person's subjective world without losing one's own identity.

actualizing tendency

A growth force within us; a directional process of striving toward self-regulation, self-determination, realization, fulfillment, perfection, and inner freedom; the basis on which people can be trusted to identify and resolve their own problems in a thera

congruence

is a quality of realness or genuineness of the therapist

emotion-focused therapy

Rooted in a person-centered philosophy, EFT is integrative in that is synthesizes aspects of Gestalt therapy and existential therapy. Strategies used in EFT are aimed at the goal of strengthening the self, regulating affect, and creating new meaning.

empathy

A deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client.

expressive arts therapy

An approach that makes use of various artssuch as movement, drawing, painting, sculpting, music, and improvisationin a supportive setting for the purpose of growth and healing.

Hierarchy of needs

Maslow's idea of a pyramid of human needs; physiological needs (ex. hunger) must first be satisfied, then safety needs (ex. security), then belonging needs (ex. love), then esteem needs (ex. respect), and last is self-actualization needs (ex. achieving bi

Humanistic psychology

A movement, often referred to as the third force, that emphasizes freedom, choice, values, growth, self-actualization, becoming, spontaneity, creativity, play, humor, peak experiences, and psychological health.

Immediacy

Addressing what is going on between the client and therapist right now.

Motivational interviewing

A method of interviewing clients in a way that encourages them to honestly examine their beliefs and behaviors and that motivates clients to make a decision to change their behavior

Motivational interviewing is rooted in the philosophy of person centered therapy with a twist what is the twist

It is deliberately directive and is aimed at reducing clients ambivalence about change and increase intrinsic motivation.

the basic principles of motivational interviewing

1. It strive to experience the world from the clients perspective without judgement or criticism. (reflective listing, expressed empathy)
2. counselor pay particular attention to clients arguments for change to their arguments for not changing. (reinforce

positive psychology

Positive psychology focuses on what conditions and processes lead us to optimal health and performance. Explanations of positive psychology address both cultural perspectives; individualism and collectivism!

presence

Being with another in a meaningful way, giving of one's self in the current moment, listening, and providing unconditional acceptance. Presence involves giving of one's self and being open to the experience of another through an interpersonal relationship

self actualization

According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

stages of change

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance

stage of change: Precontemplation stage

there is no intention of changing a behavior pattern in the near future.

stage of change: Contemplation stage

people are aware of a problem and are considering overcoming it, but they have not made a commitment to take action to bring about the change.

stage of change: Preparation stage

intend to take action immediately and report some small behavior changes.

stage of change: Action stage

individual is taking steps to modify their behavior to solve their problems.

stage of change: Maintenance stage

people work to consolidate their gains and prevent relapse.

therapeutic core conditions

The necessary and sufficient characteristics of the therapeutic relationship for client change to occur. These core conditions include therapist congruence (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance and respect), and accurate empathic und

third force in therapy

An alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioural approaches. Under this heading are the experiential and relationship oriented therapies (existential therapy, person-centered therapy, and gestalt therapy).

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance.

group counseling from a person centered perspective

It emphasizes the unique role of the group counselor as a facilitator rather than a leader and to create a safe and healing climate so that the clients can interact in honest and meaningful ways.

person centered therapy limitations

the approach has limited use with nonverbal clients, and it tends to discount the significance of the past.

Key figures in behavior therapy are

BF Skinner, Joseph Wolpe, Arnold Lazarus, and Albert Bandura

4 major phases in the development of behavior therapy are?

1. classical conditioning (ivan Pavlov , Joseph Wolpe's systematic desensitization)
2. operant conditioning (skinner)
3. social learning theory (Albert Bandura)
4. cognitive behavior therapy (Arnold Lazarus)

dialectical behavior therapy

which is a comprehensive cognitive behavioral treatment for people with borderline personality disorder, reducing suicidal behaviors, psychiatric hospitalization, and in treating substance abuse, anger, interpersonal difficulties and other dysfunctional b

dialectical behavior therapy who was the key figure

marsha linehan

behavior therapy Philosophy and basic assumption

- Behavior is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of the environment.

behavior therapy key concepts

emphasizes current behaviors as opposed to historical antecedents, precise treatment goals, diverse therapeutic strategies tailored to these goals, and objective evaluation of therapeutic outcomes.

behavior therapy therapeutic goals

Create new conditions for learning. Involvement of the therapist and the client in formulating goals. Goals for therapy are specific, unambiguous and measurable.

behavior therapy therapeutic relationship

clients make progress primarily because of the specific behavioral techniques used, but a good working relationship is an essential precondition for effective therapy.

behavior therapy techniques and procedures

any technique that can be demonstrated to change behavior may be incorporated into treatment plan.

classical conditioning

A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.

operant conditioning

Conditioning in which an increase or decrease in the probability that a behavior will recur is affected by the delivery of reinforcement or punishment as a consequence of the behavior;

social learning theory

A theory of learning that says people can learn through observation and direct experience

cognitive behavior therapy

A popular integrative therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

behavior therapy contribution

Is a short term approach with a wide range of applicability.

behavior therapy applications

a few areas in which behavior therapy has been effective are phobia disorders, social fears, depression, anxiety disorders, sexual disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders, pain management, trauma, hypertension, childhood disorders, and the prevention

ABC Model

A: antecedent (situational factors or cues) B: Behavior(influenced by some particular events) C: consequences(by certain events that follows)

acceptance

A process involving receiving our present experience without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and gentleness, and striving for full awareness of the present moment.

acceptance and commitment therapy

A mindfulness-based program that encourages clients to accept, rather than attempt to control or change, unpleasant sensations.

antecedent events

ones that cue or elicit a certain behavior

applied behavior analysis

another term for behavior modification; this approach seeks to understand the causes of behavior and address these causes by changing antecedents and consequence.

assertion training

A set of techniques that involves behavioral rehearsal, coaching, and learning more effective social skills; specific skills training procedures used to teach people ways to express both positive and negative feelings openly and directly.

assessment interview

Questioning that enables the therapist to identify the particular antecedent and consequent events that influence or are functionally related to an individual's behavior.

BASIC ID

(B) behavior, (A) affective response, (S) sensations, (I) images, (C) cognitions, (I) interpersonal relationships, (D)drugs, biological functions, nutrition, excercise

behavior modification

Reinforcement theory techniques used to modify human behavior

behavior rehearsal

A technique consisting of trying out in therapy new behaviors (performing target behaviors) that are to be used in everyday situations

Behavioral therapy

A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change the persons behavior from maladaptive to adaptive supported by empirical evidence

behavioral analysis

Identifying the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering information about situational antecedents, the dimensions of the problem behavior, and the consequences of the problem.

behavioral assessment

Measurement of behavior that is targeted for intervention, often along with measurement of relevant environmental events.

cognitive behavioral coping skills therapy

Action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically

cognitive processes

Internal events such as as thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and self statements.

consequences

Events or stimuli which immediately follow a behavior that serve to strengthen or weaken the behavior. Consequences typically result in either reinforcement or punishment. but can sometimes result in extinction.

contingency contracting

(behavioral contracts) the negotiated goals and procedures of a behavior analysis program, mutually agreed on by the client or advocate and other involved persons, and modifiable by joint agreement

Evidence based treatment

treatment for mental health that has shown to have results based on empirical evidence.

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

extinction

A procedure in which the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued. Also may be used to describe the "process" by which a previously learned behavior disappears as a result of non-reinforcement.

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

standard treatment of PTSD. One of the best ways to get over trauma is to expose the patient to stimuli that reminds them of the event and desensitize them to it. Same thing as anxiety emersion treatment. Doctor found that moving eyes back and forth is ca

flooding

A type of exposure therapy in which the person is rapidly and intenselt exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response

functional assessment

Process of generating information on the events preceding and following the behavior in an attempt to determine which antecedents and consequences are reliably associated with the occurrence of the behavior

in vivo desensitization

brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event.

in vivo exposure

expose clients to actual feared stimuli rather than imagined

mindfulness

Being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.

modeling

learn by watching different behaviors and then doing the same

multimodal therapy

By LAZARUS - all of our modalities - the way we feel, act, sense, imagine & interact should be addressed in psychological treatment.

progressive muscle relaxation

a form of relaxation training that reduces muscle tension through a series of tensing and relaxing exercises involving the body's major muscle groups

reinforcement

(psychology) a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it

punishment

A procedure that decreases the future probability of the behavior it follows.

self efficacy

Beliefs in ones ability to accomplish a goal or change a behavior.

self- management

the ability to control one's emotions and act with honesty and integrity in a consistent and acceptable manner

self- modification

teaching people to use coping skills in various problematic situation

self- monitoring

The internal process of observing and regulating your own behaviors based on your analysis of the situation and others' responses to you

social effectiveness training

A multi-faceted treatment program designed to reduce social anxiety, improve interpersonal skills, and increase the range of enjoyable social activities.

social learning aproach

...

social skills training

A behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal.

systematic desensitization

A therapeutic technique to help anxious people reduce their fears by associating, communicating with, and relaxation.

key figure of rational emotive behavior therapy

Albert Ellis

Key figure in cognitive therapy

Aaron Beck

REBT

assumes that thinking, evaluating, analyzing, questioning, doing, practicing, and re-deciding are the base of behavior change.

cognitive therapy

rest on the premise that cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act.

ABC model of personality

A\ Actual Event,B\ Belief System,C\Consequence. People's problems not from event but from their beliefs about an event.

arbitrary inferences

A form of cognitive distortion that refers to making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence.

automatic thought

Rapid, unthinking responses based on unique assumptions about the world and ourselves. May be realistic or distorted.

cognitive behavior modification

Procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive learning principles for changing your own behavior by using self-talk and self-instruction.

cognitive behavior therapy

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

cognitive distortion

Inaccurate and irrational automatic thoughts or ideas that lead to false assumptions and misinterpretations.

cognitive restructuring

A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

cognitive therapy

A therapy directed at changing the maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, and feelings that underlie emotional and behavioural problems.

cognitive structure

schema,

collaborative empiricism

A strategy of viewing the client as a scientist who is able to make objective interpretations. The process in which therapist and client work together to phrase the client's faulty beliefs as hypotheses and design homework so that the client can test thes

constructivist approach

A recent development in cognitive therapy that emphasizes the subjective framework and interpretations of the client rather than looking to the objective bases of faulty beliefs.

dichotomous thinking

A cognitive error that involves categorizing experiences in either-or extremes.

overgeneralization

CT's cognitive distortions that draws a general rule or conclusion on the basis of one or more isolated incidents and applying the concept across the board to related and unrelated situations.

cognitive triad

Beck's theory that negative views about the self, the world, and the future; causes depression.