Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis
(originally worked with Adler, Jung, and Viennese neurologist [re: talking cure])
Alfred Adler
Father of Individual Psychology
Gustav Jung
founded Analytic Psychology
Joseph Breuer
neurologist who taught Freud 'talking cure', or 'catharsis'
Rollo May
existentialist and prime move in this counseling movement.
Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA) posits 3 ego states
the Child (like id)
the Adult (like ego)
the Parent (like superego)
Freud's 3 psychosexual stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Freud's topographic notion that the mind is like an iceberg with 2 states:
conscious
unconscious
Incomplete parent (according to TA)
person expects others to parent him or uses lack of parenting as an excuse for poor behavior.
Resolution of Freud's Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego, which is accomplished by
identifying with the same sex parent (also called aggressor)
transference
projecting feelings toward the therapist that the client originally felt toward a significant other person in their life.
ego
executive administrator of the personality
(seen as the Child in TA)
-acts as a police officer to control impulses of the id (aka instincts, or the Child) and the superego (conscience, or the Parent)
-also called 'reality principle' and houses individual's identity
Thanatos
Greek for 'death'
(i.e., 'Thanatologists study death')
Eros
Greek god of 'love of life'
Freudians use it also to mean 'self-preservation'
Pleasure principle
the id
Reality principle
the ego
Ego ideal
the superego
(the perfect self that the person judges himself against)
Free association
analytic technique, instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind.
Paraphrasing
whenever a counselor restates a client's message in the counselor's own words.
The superego strives for _____ rather than _____ like the id.
perfection, pleasure
The superego
composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society
id
chaotic and has no sense of time
(pleasure principle - 'I want it NOW')
Jospeh Wolpe
developed 'systematic desensitization' to weaken a client's response to anxiety-producing stimuli
Systematic desensitization
systematic paradigm that lessens one's anxiety to a stimuli through gradual exposure to it
(form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning)
Manifest content of dreams
surface meaning of a dream
Latent content of dreams
hidden meaning of a dream
Dream work
consists of deciphering the hidden meaning (latent) of a dream (through symbolism) so the individual is aware of unconscious motives, impulses, desires, and conflicts.
Some counselors feel transference is actually a form of projection, displacement, and repetition in which client treats counselor in same manner as he would an _______ _____from the past.
authority figure.
Insight
novel sudden understanding of a problem.
Psychoanalysts believe a client who is resistant will be reluctant to bring unconscious ideas into the conscious mind.
Nonanalytic counselors use the term 'resistant' to describe clients who are fighting the helping process in any manner.
Little Albert
a famous case, John Watson (pioneer of American Behaviorism) in 1920 - toddler made to fear white furry things
Little Hans
gave Little Albert study a psychoanalytic explanation.
Daniel Paul Schreber
-ex mental patient who spent 9 years in hospital
-wrote Memoirs of a Mental Patient (1903)
-'most quoted case in modern Psychiatry'
Psychodynamic therapy
contasts psychoanalysis:
-utilizes fewer sessions per week
-doesn't utilize a couch, performed face-to-face
(makes use of analytic principles but relies on fewer sessions)
Catharsis
talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions in a curative process
Abreaction
similar to catharsis in that emotions are purged, but when the emotional outburst is very powerful and/or violent.
Accurate empathy
counselor can truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing
Reflection of emotional content
accomplished when the counselor restates the client's verbalization in such a manner that the client becomes more aware of his emotions.
Rogerians do not emphasize _____ or giving ____.
diagnosis, advice.
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______, _____, _____ are to topographical theory.
unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
Introspection
any process in which the client attempts to describe his own internal thoughts, feelings, and ideas.
Oedipus/Electra complex
Freud's most controversial theory
The most important concept in Freud's theory is the unconscious mind.
...
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (aka, technique for curbing phobic reactions and anxiety)
Slips of the tongue
parapraxis
(Freud called it 'the psychopathology of everyday life')
Preconscious mind
capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty
-can access info from the conscious as well as unconscious mind
Ego defense mechanisms are
Unconscious processes that minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands
-distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect our self image
Types of ego defense mechanisms
Rationalization, Compensation, Repression, Projection
Reaction formation, Identification, Introjection, Denial, Displacement
Repression
subconsciously forgetting a traumatic or painful event
(Freudians think it is the most important of defenses)
Reaction formation
occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and this behaves in the opposite manner.
Denial (aka suppression)
similar to repression except that it is a conscious act.
Sublimation
when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way (i.e., aggressive person has a career as a boxer)
Suppression differs from repression in that
repression is automatic and involuntary.
Rationalization
intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings
(tends to interpret thoughts in a positive manner)
Displacement
occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target.
(man hates boss but kicks dog)
Perception
occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and thus it has an impact on your behavior.
Identification
when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.
Type II error (aka bet error)
a researcher has accepted the null hypothesis
Sour grapes rationalization
underrating a reward (because they didn't get it)
Sweet lemon rationalization
Overrates a reward (to protect self from bruised ego)
(memory: sweets are overrated in our society)
Organ inferiority
methods in which person attempts to compensate for inferiority (Alfred Adler)
Projection
individual attributes his own unacceptable qualities onto others.
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
reaction formation
(the person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel.)
Compensation
evident when a person attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation.
Resistance
when a client refuses to follow a counselor's directives such as homework, completing psych tests, etc.)
Freud's critics cite that many aspects of his theory are difficult to ____ from a scientific standpoint.
test
Freud's psychoanalysis is the OLDEST major form of psychotherapy.
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
make the client aware of their unconscious processes.
(in the hopes that insight will be followed by motivation)
Insight
aha, now I understand!"
-equated with gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler
3 types of learning
-reinforcement (operant conditioning)
-association (classical conditioning)
-insight
C. G. Jung said men operate on logic (aka ____) principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ____ principle.
Logos, Eros
(Founder of Analytic Psychology)
Transference neurosis
client is attached to the counselor as if he is a substitute parent.
Countertransference
evident when the counselor's feelings are strong enough to hinder the treatment process.
Mandalas
term borrowed from Hinu writings by Jung that stands for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
Eidetic imagery (aka photographic memory)
ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time
(children have it but is it gone by adolescence)
Constructivist theories of intervention stress importance of ______ the client's views.
understanding
Two classes of constructive therapy are
Brief therapy - examines what worked in the past
Narrative therapy - attempts to rewrite or 'reconstruct' stories
Neo-Freudians emphasized
social factors
(Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm)
Baseline
frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in the absence of treatment.
Introversion
introverted person is his own primary source of pleasure
(term is Jungian)
Extroversion
person has tendency to find satisfaction in other people
(term is Jungian)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
most widely used measure of personality preference and disposition, 4 bipolar scales
(based on Jung's work)
Four bipolar scales of the MBTI
-extroversion/introversion
-perception/intuition
-thinking/feeling
-judging/perceiving
Rudolph Dreikurs
first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
(also introduced Adlerian principles to treatment of children in school setting)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Henry Murray's 1938 work, Exploratoin in Personality - subjective test
Personalogy
Henry Murray's term for personality typing.
Social connectedness
Adler's term for a belief that people wish to 'belong'.
(suggests we need one another)
Adler was the first therapist who relied on ______.
paradox
(exaggerate the behavior you want to stop)
Paradoxical strategies
client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.
(used by Frankl, and by family therapist)
Jung felt society caused men to deny their feminine side (aka ______) and women to deny their masculine side (aka ____).
anima, animus
(memory: aniMA is feminine; aniMUS as in MUScles)
Collective unconscious
Jungian term, common to all mankind, and passed from generation to generation.
Archetype
Jungian; primal universal symbol that means the same thing to men and women (i.e., the cross), found to be in all walks of life (i.e., myths, fables, religion)
Persona (archetype)
mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
animus, anima, self archetypes
male, female sides
shadow archetype
the mask behind the persona which contains id-like (child-like) material - denied yet desired
(dark side of the personality)
Jung's assumption was that projection will _____ and individuation will ______ as therapy renders shadow behaviors conscious.
decrease, increase
Confrontation
technique used to illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of a given situation.
Accurate empathy
occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions.
Empathy
subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now.
Symptom substitution
psychoanalytic concept which means if one symptom is stopped, a new symptom may start in its place
(behaviorists also believe in this concept)
An eclectic counselor
attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation.
(50% of counselors claim to be eclectic)
The word 'eclectic' is most associated with
Frederick C. Thorne
(felt true eclecticism was more a 'hodgepodge of facts')
-preferred the term 'psychological case handling' rather than psychotherapy)
In _________ the counselor's past is projected onto the client and the helper's objectivity suffers markedly.
counter-transference
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by _____.
Alfred Adler
(Adlerians believe lifestyle is predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on psychological feelings about self)
Characteristics of firstborns (Adlerian)
go to great lengths to please their parents, may feel upstaged by 2nd born and prone to feelings of inferiority
Characteristics of 2nd born (Adlerian)
may compete with firstborn and often passes 1st child's performance
Characteristics of middle child (Adlerian)
may feel they are treated unfairly, seen as more manipulative.
Characteristics of youngest child (Adlerian)
baby in the family and can be pampered or spoiled, often exceed older children's performance due to modeling/imitating.
Adlerians are ______ and use homework assignments.
didactic (teaching)
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
associationism
(asserts that ideas are held together by associations)
Existentialism is a type of _______.
philosophy
Associationism
asserts ideas are held together by associations.
(roots in Aristotle essay, but in line with John Locke, Hume, Mill, Hartley)
B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on Edward Thorndike's ____ of _____.
law of effect
(responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated)
Arnold Lazarus's concept of BASIC ID (multimodal approach)
B - behavior including acts, habits, reactions
A - affective responses like emotions, mood
S - sensations, hearing, touch
I - images, the way we perceive
C - cognitions, thoughts, insights
I - interpersonal relationships
D - drugs, alcohol, legal or illegal
Minnesota viewpoint
attempts to match the client's traits with a career
(created by E. G. Williamson)
unconditioned (unlearned) response
An association that naturally exists 9
(i.e., salivating when food is around)
conditioned (learned) response
something that a person has learned to do when a certain stimulus is presented.
Skinner's operant conditioning is also called
instrumental learning
(memory: Skinner's last name has an 'i' so it is his term)
Respondent behavior
reflexes
All ______ rend to increase probability that a prior behavior will occur.
reinforces
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
counselor positively reinforces an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior.
Negative reinforcement requires withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement is NOT the same thing as punishment.
All reinforcers strengthen probability that a behavior will occur, but _____ lowers it.
punishment
Behavior modifiers feel _____ temporarily suppresses the behavior.
punishment
(decreases the probability a behavior will occur)
William Glasser
Father of Reality Therapy
Pavlov's famous experiment: using dogs, the bell was the conditioned (learned) stimulus (CS), and the meat was the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus (UCS)
CS - conditioned stimulus
UCS or US - unconditioned stimulus
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US is ____.
.5 seconds
Delayed conditioning
when the conditioned (learned) stimulus is delayed until the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus occurs
Trace conditioning
when conditioned (learned) stimulus terminates before the occurrence of the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus.
Another term for classical conditioning is
forward conditioning
Stimulus generalization (aka 'second order conditioning')
occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned (learned) stimulus produces the same reaction. (i.e., buzzer instead of bell)
Experimental neurosis
When the differentiation process becomes too tough because stimuli are almost identical
John B. Watson is associated with what study?
Little Albert
(demonstrated that fears were learned and not the result of some unconscious conflict)
Behavior MODIFICATION strategies are based heavily on INSTRUMENTAL conditioning (i.e., B. F. Skinner with the 'i'), while behavior THERAPY emphasizes CLASSICAL conditioning (Pavlov).
...
Neal Miller
demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes. (heart rate, blood pressure)
Law of effect (aka 'trial and error')
Thorndike's suggestion that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be 'stamped in' while those associated with annoying consequences will be 'stamped out'.
Analytic psychology is sometimes referred to as
depth psychology
John B Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
cure
(demonstrated learning could serve as treatment for a phobic reaction)
Neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
brainchild of linguistics professor John Grinder and mathematician John Bander.
Pioneers in the Behaviorist movement
Pavlov, Jones, Watson
Counseling paradigm
a treatment model
(paradigm = model)
Active therapy (aka 'active-directive' therapy)
therapy to delineate the directive paradigm.
Concreteness (aka 'specificity')
this principle is used to alleviate vague language.
Interpretation
highly valued in analytic and psychodynamic modalities
(takes place when counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client's situation)
A directive
In counseling, merely a suggestion
Continuous schedule of reinforcement
reinforcing every behavior
(not necessarily the most practical or effective)
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement
Not every desirable behavior is reinforced
(sometimes called 'thinning')
The counselor who is _____ is real and authentic.
congruent
Robert Carkhuff
known for his 5 point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect.
Empathy is the ability to experience the client's subjective world.
Sympathy is compassion.
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ____ ______, and when taken away, it is called a ______ ______.
positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer
Operant
any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulant.
Respondent
consequence of a known stimulus.
(dog salivating)
Higher order conditioning.
when a new stimulus is paired with the conditioned (learned) stimulus and the new stimulus takes on the power of the conditioned (learned) stimulus.
Premack principle
'an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself likes to do.'
Reinforcement schedule
gives guidelines for reinforcement.
Two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules
Ratio - based on # of responses ('variable' often used with this)
Interval - based on time elapsed ('fixed' often used with this)
Variable ratio of intermittent scheduling
the most difficult to extinguish
Fixed interval scheduling is the most _____ of them all.
ineffective
Yerkes-Dodson Law
indicates a moderate amount of arousal or anxiety on a test improves performance.
Secondary reinforcement
a stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own (most popular secondary is 'money')
Token economies
agencies that use tokens as a system of behavior modification
Covert
not observable
In vivo treatment
direct treatment of an overt behavior.
Aversive conditioning
pairing an unpleasant stimulus to a pleasant stimulus to reduce the satisfaction (i.e., Antabuse and alcoholics)
Systematic desensitization hierarchy
from least anxiety-producing to most, ideally with 10 to 15 evenly spaced steps.
Fixed role therapy (aka 'behavioral rehearsal')
client is given a sketch of a person in a role and is instructed to read the script at least 3 times a day to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script.
(by George A. Kelly who also did 'psychology of personal constructs')
Systematic desensitization consists of 4 steps
relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
Interposition
perceptual term where one item conceals or covers another
Sensate focus
form of behavioral sex therapy, relies on counterconditioning
(by Masters & Johnson)
Wilhelm Reich
felt repeated sexual gratification was necessary for cure of emotional maladies.
(orgone box - later outlawed and Reich died in jail)
Desensitization
to make one less sensitive
Sensitization
one is made more sensitive to a stimulus
Flooding (in anxiety terms)
deliberate exposure with response prevention
Implosive therapy (in anxiety terms)
conducted using the imagination and relies on psychoanalytic symbolism (brainchild of T. G. Stampf)
Sympathy often implies pity, while accurate empathy is the ability to experience another person's subjective experience.
...
EMDR
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(Francine Shapiro)
Attending (counseling behavior)
counselor behaviors that signal he is truly engaged in active listening skills.
Carkhuff's 'scale for measurement' levels for counseling skills
1 - not attending
2 - subtracts noticeable affect from communication
3 - feelings expressed are interchangeable with client's meaning
4 - Counselor adds to client's affect
5 - Counselor adds to client's feelings, meanings
Logotherapy
healing through meaning
Viktor Frankl)
Frankl is the Father of existentialism and ____ _____.
paradoxical intention
Existentialism is considered a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed, experiencing value, and suffering.
Existentialism is more of a philosophy of helping than a grab bag of intervention strategies.
Albert Ellis
created Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Existentialists focus primarily on
the client's perception in the here-and-now.
(focus is on what the person can ultimately become)
I-Thou relationship
Rogerian and Existentialistic
(relationship is horizontal in nature)
Horizontal relationship
assumes equality between persons.
Arthur Janov
created primal scream therapy
Existentialist speak of 3 worlds:
Umwelt (physical)
Mitwelt (relationship)
Eigenwelt (identity)
Frankl felt that suffering would be transformed into achievement and creativity.
...
Existential counselors emphasize the client's
free choice, decision, and will
Noogenic neurosis (Existentialism)
frustration of the will to meaning
Ontology
metaphysical study of life experience
Rational imagery
used by rational-emotive behavior therapists where client is asked to imagine that he or she is in a situation which has traditionally caused disturbance)
Reality therapy incorporates
control theory and choice theory
Reality therapy's 'BCP'
perception controls behavior
Reality therapy (aka choice therapy)
childhood is usually not explored, present moment of counseling
(therapist makes friends with client)
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
successful behaviors.
Glasser's position on mental illness is that
diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick
The Interpretation of Dreams
the Bible of Psychoanalysis by Freud
Summarization
when a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he is using
(constitutes a 'synthesis' regarding general tone and feeling of helping process)
William Glasser is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis is to
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
(Ellis is father of REBT)
Albert Ellis believes
When you change your thinking, you change your life."
(Ellis known for REBT and work in sexology.)
Epictetus said about thinking
People are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them." - very REBT
Tyranny of the shoulds
coined by Karen Horney (neo-Freudian)
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is ____, B is the _____, and C is the ______.
activating event, belief system, emotional consequence
REBT's ABC theory of personality believes that the intervention that occurs at D, ____ leads to E, ____.
disputing the irrational behavior at B, leads to a new emotional consequence.
Bibliotherapy
use of books or writings pertaining to self-improvement.
(is a form of homework)
Musturbation (aka 'absolutist thinking')
occurs when client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his thinking.
Awfulizing (aka 'catastrophizing')
act of telling yourself how difficult,, terrible, and horrendous a given situation really is
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring (aka 'changing thoughts')
takes place when a client begins thinking in a healthy new way using different internal dialogue.
Ellis feels that _____ is at the core of emotional disturbance.
irrational thinking (at point B)
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ____ ___ ___ ____ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.
pictures in the mind
Rational-behavior therapy
uses rational-emotive imagery regularly, works well for multicultural counseling, by Maxie Maultsby.
Aaron T. Beck
ex-psychoanalytic therapist, created Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed cognitive therapy
Beck's contention was that depression is the result of a cognitive _____ of negative beliefs regarding oneself, one's future, and one's experience.
triad
Metacognition
an individual's tendency to be aware of his own cognitions or cognitive abilities
Karpman's triangle
suggested 3 roles necessary for manipulative drama (a 'game' in transaction analysis):
-persecutor, rescuer, and victim
Cycle of violence (3 phases)
-tension building (walking on eggshells)
-acute incident (abuse takes place)
-honeymoon phase (romance, making up)
(by Dr. Lenore Walker)
A life script is actually a life drama or plot:
-never scripts (will never succeed)
-always scripts (always be a certain way)
-after scripts (will be after an event happens)
-open ended scripts (no direction)
-desirable scripts (what they want)
Ulterior transactions
hidden transactions as two or more ego states are operating at the same time.
Eric Bern is to TA as Fritz Perls is to
Gestalt therapy
Jacob Moreno
invented psychodrama
first coined the term 'group therapy' in 1931
Retroflection
act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else (gestalt concept)
Gestalt can imply that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
...
Perls suggested FIVE layers of neurosis:
phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, and explosive
Unfinished business (Gestalt concept)
unexpressed emotions
The peak period of competition between therapies was during the late
1960s
Counseling in 1950s
development psychology
Counseling in 1960s
competing psychotherapies
Counseling in 1970s
biofeedback, behavior modification, crisis hotlines
Counseling in 1980s
professionalism, licensing
Names for Carl. R. Rogers' theory
non-directive, client-centered, and now, person-centered counseling (also called 'self theory')
Forces of psychology
1st - psychoanalysis
2nd - behaviorism
3rd - humanism
4th - multiculturalism
A person-centered therapist would treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the ____ _____.
same principles.
Congruence in counselor
external behavior matches an internal response or state.
Rogers' 3 key factors to being an effective counselor
-attitude must be genuine
-unconditional positive regard
-empathic understanding
Phrenology
pseudo-science which asserted one's personality could be determined by the shape of their skull.
Counselors who work as consultants generally do not adhere to one single theory.
...
Consultation theories
-Caplan's psychodynamic mental health consult
-Social learning theory assoc. with Bandura
-Schein's process consultation model
Social power is also called
social influence
EAT (in terms of social power)
E - expertness
A - attractiveness
T - trustworthiness
(by Stanley Strong in 1968)
Key areas that often cause problems for counselor self-image are
competence
power
intimacy
Allen Ivey's 3 types of empathy
-basic: counselor's response is on same level as client
-subtractive: counselor's behavior doesn't convey understanding
-additive: adds to client's understanding and awareness