3 levels of decontamination
Sterilization, disinfection, sanitation
Sterilization
The process of making an object germ free by destroying all pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses (kills bacterial spores and primarily involves heat- e.g. autoclave).
Disinfection
The second highest level of decontamination, nearly as effective as sterilization but does not kill bacterial spores: used in hard non porous surfaces only - e.g. Sodium hypochlorite).
Sodium hypochlorite
Household bleach
Sanitation
The process of making objects clean and safe for use, to prevent the growth of germs and to decrease the risk of infectious diseases (e.g. washing hands, using antibacterial soaps, antiseptics, or hand sanitizer).
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
The organization responsible for health and safety in the workplace; agency of US department of labor.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
Federal agency that publishes the Food Code and inspects food service operations that cross state borders
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
Approves the efficacy of products used for infection control; assigns registration numbers to chemicals and prepare MSDS.
Tinea
Fungal infection of the skin; ringworm. Can be contagious and is obtained through damp areas - appears red, scaly, circular and itchy.
Verruca
Growths on the skin caused by infection; wart. (Common on fingers; plantar- soles & feet; genital- std; flat- shaved areas)
Parts of a cell
Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, centrosome, mitochondria, ribosomes, gogli apparatus
Cell membrane
Enclosed everything into cell, keeps nutrients in and toxins out; protective covering.
Nucleus
Center point "brain" of the cell; DNA is housed here.
Cytoplasm
Clear, watery fluid inside the cell; food is stored there; made up of organic matter, salts & enzymes.
Centrosome
Small round bodies in cytoplasm; assist in reproduction.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse"; converts oxygen & nutrients into energy.
Ribosomes
Create protein within the cell (keratin, tyrosinase).
Gogli Apparatus
Organism found in the cytoplasm to bundle lipids & proteins together.
Anabolism
Constructive "build-up" of cells; to store for later use.
Catabolism
Destructive metabolism; releasing energy stored for contractions & secretions (heat production).
11 systems of the body
Skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic/immune, endocrine, excretory, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, integumentary
Skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement; physical foundation of the human body. Made up of bones, immovable and movable joints and cartilage.
Muscular system
Responsible for covering, shaping & supporting the skeletal system. Made up of contractile fibrous trusses & 3 types of muscle tissue (striated, non-striated, and cardiac).
Nervous system
Responsible for controlling & coordinating the functions of the body. Made up of the CNS, PNS, & ANS.
Endocrine system
Specialized glands that affect growth, development & overall health of the body. Made up of glands (specialized organs that remove certain elements from blood and change them into new compounds); e.g.- exocrine & endocrine.
Digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; essentially changes food into nutrients and waste.
Excretory system
Purifies the body by elimination of waste matter; consists of kidneys, liver, skin, intestines, and lungs.
Respiratory system
A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Reproductive system
Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes)
Integumentary system
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails.
Circulatory system
(aka cardiovascular system) This system works as the transportation highway for the body. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It transports substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body.
Melanin
a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight.
Sebaceous gland
oil-secreting gland in the dermis that is associated with hair follicles
Sudoriferous glands
glands that secrete sweat to the outside of the body; also assist in body temperature regulation
Acid mantle
The skins natural protective barrier - a very fine, slightly acidic film on the surface of human skin acting as a protective barrier to bacteria, viruses & other potential contaminants that could penetrate the skin. Made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and wa
5 layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep)
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum (basale)
stratum corneum
outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized cells (horny layer)
stratum lucidum
a clear layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles; contains keratin cells allowing shine to show through.
Stratum granulosum
3rd layer of the epidermis; granular later where cells resemble granules (sugar) packed with keratin.
stratum spinosum
a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin (spiny layer).
stratum germinativum
(Basement or Basel cell layer) process of cell division (mitosis) occurs here. Made up of melanocytes.
2 layers of dermis
papillary layer and reticular layer
papilary layer
The superficial 20% of dermis, areolar connective tissue containing very thin collagen and elastic fibers. Dermal papillae are projections into epidermis that increase surface area, on soles and feet they lay on ridges that create foot/hand prints.
reticular layer
Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; provides collagen and elasticity. Made up of sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, arrector polo muscles, adipose cells, blood vessels/lymph vessels, and hyaluronic acid.
Functions of the skin
Protection, heat regulation, absorption, sensation, excretion, secretion.
Protection
Denim coats epidermis to protect from external factors. (TEWL- trans epidermal water loss due to evaporation)
Heat regulation
Adipose tissue (fat layer)- bodies temperature is 98.6, skin automatically adjusts to environment; heat- sweat, cold- shivers, arrector pili- goosebumps.
Absorption
Skin is like a sponge- absorbs oxygen & releases carbon dioxide; take in through cells, follicles & pores; decides products absorption on molecular structure.
Sensation
Sensory fiber nerves most in the finger tips- sensory nerve endings respond to pain, cold, heat, and touch.
Excretion
Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands); detox body and cool down of toxins and salt.
Secretion
Sebum output- sebaceous glands (attaches to hair follicles); coats skin surface to prevent TEWL.
Levels of organization
Cells -> tissues -> organs -> systems
pH of acid mantle
4.5- 6.2 (average is 5.5)
Primary lesions
Early stage of development or change (essential where it is born); e.g.- bulla, cyst, papule, pustule.
Secondary lesion
Late stage of development- change to tissue structure/organ (been around for a little while); e.g.- excoriation, fissure, keloid.
Sebaceous gland disorders
Acne, seborrhea, rosacea, steatoma, asteatosis, furncle/carbuncle
Open comedones
Non inflamed build up of dirt, oil, and debris clogged or trapped in a pore and oxidized.
closed comedones
Non inflamed build up of dirt, oil, and debris clogged or trapped in a lore by dead skin cell build up.
Milia
Small, firm pearl like masses of dirt, oil, and debris trapped between follicles.
Acne
Chronic inflammatory skin disorder of sebaceous gland characterized by comedones, papules, pustules, inflammations and sometimes cysts.
Grades of acne
1. Minor breakouts- mostly comedones
2. Many comedones, papules, and pustules
3. Red, inflamed skin w/ comedones, papules, and pustules
4. Cystic acne: inflamed skin, comedones, papules, pustules & cysts
Seborrhea
Overproduction/ severe oiliness of the skin; abnormal secretion from the sebaceous glands. ( common by eyebrows, scalp and by the hairline)
Rosacea
Inflammation w/ extreme redness, dismayed capillaries, distended blood vessels and sometimes presence of papules. (Common around nose and cheeks)
Steatoma
Abnormal lesions filled w/ sebum ranging in size from a pea to an orange; common in the scalp, back and neck.
Asteatosis
Dry, scaly skin from sebum deficiency, which can be due to aging, body disorders, alkalies of harsh soaps, or cold exposure.
Furuncle/ Carbuncle
Boil; filled with infection
Cysts
Closed abnormal sacs containing fluid infection or other epidermal matter- above or below the skin.
Sebaceous hyperplasia
Benign lesions usually found in oilier parts of the face (harmless to person).
Sudoriferous gland disorders
Bromhidrosis, anhidrosis, hyperbidrosis, militaria rubra
Bromhidrosis
Foul smelling perspiration in the underarms and feet.
Anhidrosis
Lack of perspiration
Hyperhidrosis
excessive perspiration
Miliaria rubra
Prickly heat", itchy, painful, acute burning as a result of UV exposure.
Hyperkeratosis
overgrowth of horny layer of the epidermis.
Alternating Current (AC)
Rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction then back in the opposite direction (must be plugged into a wall).
Volt
Unit that measures the pressure of a force in a current (amount that is fed).
Amp
Until that measures the strength of electrical current (controlled by us).
(Miliampere- 1/1,000th of an amp)
(Micro amp- 1/1,000,000th of an amp)
Ohm
Until that measures the resistance of electrical flows.
Watt
Unit that measures the amount of energy used per second
(Kilowatt- 1,000 watts)
Rheostat
A device, that controls the strength of a current. (E.g. high frequency)
UL certification
(Underwriter's Laboratory) - International organization that ensures the safety of all electrical devices and or equipment.
Tesla Current Benefits
Kill bacteria, germicidal, slightly relieves congestion, and improves cell metabolism and circulation.
Electricity
The movement of particles around an atom to create pure energy - flow of electrons.
Cataphoresis
Positive current to push an acidic pH product into the skin to create acidic reaction in the tissue.
Anaphoresis
Negative current to drive alkaline product into skins tissue to create a chemical reaction.
Heat Mask Benefits
Heat skin down to bone, increase cell metabolism, increase circulation, soothe and relax muscles, softens skins tissue for extraction.
Desincrustation
Softening & emulsifying dirt, oil, and debris in the pore.
Electrode
a conductor through which electricity enters or leaves an object, substance, or region.
3 states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
Solid
Definite size and shape (solid state of water is ice).
Liquid
Definite size and no shape (liquid state of water is water).
Gas
No size or shape (gas state of water is steam).
3 groups in which matter can be classified
Elements, compounds, mixtures.
Elements
Simplest form of chemical matter; canning break down element further without losing its identity- there are 90.
Compounds
Chemical combination of two or more atoms from separate elements.
Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
Four most important types of compounds
Oxides, acids, bases, and salts.
Oxides
Any substance that is combined with oxygen.
Acids
Any substance with a pH below 7.0 (the lower the pH = more Acidic).
Bases
Any substance with a pH above 7.0 (the higher the pH = more Alkaline).
Salts
Compounds formed from the combination of an acid and a base.
Most commonly used cosmetic ingredient
Water
pH measures what?
Potential hydrogen
Oil in water emulsions
Droplets of oil dispersed in water (most common delivery in cosmetics).
Surfactants
A bridge used to unite oil and water (considered a type of emulsifier).
Solutions
A blended mixture of two or more substances; miscible (Michael), no surfactant, small particles, usually clear, stable mixture- e.g. hydrogen peroxide.
Suspsensions
State in which particles are distributed through a medium. Slightly miscible, no surfactant, large particles, usually cloudy, unstable mixture - e.g. calamine lotion or koolaid.
Emulsions
A mixture of two or more immiscible (not mixable) substances with the help of an emulsifier (something you have to shake); immiscible, surfactant, largest particles, usually a solid color, limited stability - e.g. shampoos and conditioners.
Miscible
mixable
Immiscible
Non mixable