vertical transmission
when the infection is passed from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth
horizontal transmission
Person-to-person spread of infection through one or more of the following routes: direct or indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, or vector-borne.
common vehicle
transportation of the infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host via water, food, milk, blood, serum, or plasma.
vectors
arthropods such as ticks and mosquitoes or other invertebrates such as snails that transmit the infectious agent by biting or depositing the infective material near the host
natural immunity
species-determined, innate resistance to an infectious agent
acquired immunity
resistance acquired by a host as a result of previous natural exposure to an infectious agent
active immunization
immunization of an individual by administration of an antigen (infectious agent or vaccine) and is usually characterized by the presence of an antibody produced by the individual host
passive immunization
Immunization through the transfer of a specific antibody from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual, such as transfer of antibody from mother to infant or by administration of an antibody-containing preparation
herd immunity
refers to the immunity of a group or community, resistance of a group of people to invasion and spread of an infectious agent
infectiousness
measure of the potential ability of an infected host to transmit the infection to other hosts
salmonellosis and e. coli
what are the 2 food and waterborne diseases?
salmonellosis
an infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces, characterized by sudden onset of headache, abd. pain, diarrhea, N/V, and fever
e. coli
is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked, can cause potentially fatal hemorrhagic colitis,
waterborne diseases
Diseases caused by microorganisms that are transmitted in contaminated water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of infected food. eg cholera, typhoid, botulism.
virulence
ability to produce a severe pathological reaction
Nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and protozoa (single-celled animals)
what are the 4 groups of parasites
parasitic diseases
More prevalent in developing countries due to tropical climate and decreased prevention and control.
4 groups
Ex: pinworms, trichinosis
respiratory infections, diarrheal dx, HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, meningitis, pertussis, measles, hep B
common infectious diseases worldwide
disaster
any natural or human-made incident that causes disruption, destruction, or devastation requiring external assistance
stress after disasters in older adults
older adults' reactions depend on physical health, strength, mobility, independence, and income; react deeply to loss of possessions; may try to conceal seriousness of their health condition or losses
stress after disasters in children
regressive behavior, reexperience images of the trauma, intentionally avoid reminders of traumatic event, arousal/heightened sensitivity, exaggerated responses, difficulty w/ usual activities, news/tv may make them think it will happen to them/family and
heroic, honeymoon, disillusionment, reconstruction
4 community phases of stress after disaster
assessment
what is a major nursing role during a disaster?
Physical, Sexual and Emotional
types of abuse?
physical abuse
one or more episodes of extreme discipline or displaced aggression or frustration, often resulting in serious physical damage to the internal organs, bones, central nervous system, or sense organs.
sexual abuse
coerced sexual acts ranging from fondling to ape or sexual degradation; it can happen to children or adults and be perpetrated inside or outside the family
emotional abuse
involves extreme debasement of feelings and may result in person feeling inept, uncared for, and worthless
violence
non-accidental acts, interpersonal or intrapersonal, that result in physical or psychological injury to one or more of the people involved.
depression, mental disorders, substance abuse, intimate partner problems
Talking about wanting to die or to kill oneself;
Looking for a way to kill oneself;
Talking about feeling hopeless or having no purpose;
Talking about feeling trapped or being in unb
what to watch for in suicidal people?
bruises/lacerations on face, head, trunk of body or places that can be easily hidden; low self esteem, depression, s/s of chronic pain, neuro problems, sleep problems, gynecological symptoms, UTIs, chronic GI problems; parents answer questions instead of
s/s of abuse?
rape
sexual intercourse forced on an unwilling person which may include threat of bodily injury or loss of life
referrals, info on options and resources, reassurance that it's unfortunately common, not alone, responses are normal, don't deserve abuse, continued support
counseling victims of abuse
same day test, may get false negatives for 6 weeks-3 months
when to test for HIV
exposure to blood, semen, transplanted organs, vaginal secretions, and breast milk, sharing needles, perinatal from mom to fetus
spread of HIV
lymphadenopathy, myalgia, sore throat, lethargy, rash, and fever
s/s of HIV
TST/PPD, chest radiography. positive with red bump
how to test for TB
improve screening, report cases, improve treatment strategies, multiantimicrobial drugs, possible vaccine
levels of prevention for TB
hepatitis
group of viral infections that affect the liver
hepatitis A
most common type of hepatitis; a viral disease that affects the liver; often transmitted through fecal-oral route; sources: water, food, sexual contact; immunization recommended for infants with booster, for anyone believed to have been exposed, travelers
hepatitis B
inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis virus; transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids; prevent by immunization; Using non-sterilized equipment for tattooing, acupuncture or body piercing
Vertical transmission from m
hepatitis C
most common chronic bloodborne infection in the US; transmitted when blood or body fluids of an infected person enter an uninfected person; today most people infected through sharing of needles during drugs; Using non-sterilized equipment for tattooing, a
asymptomatic, genital warts, cancer
HPV appearance
asymptomatic, abnormal pap smear, genital warts, cervical cancer, guardasil vaccine
s/s of HPV
herpes
A viral infection causing small painful blisters and inflammation, most commonly at the junction of skin and mucous membrane in the mouth or nose or in the genitals from HSV
through direct exposure and infects genitalia and surrounding skin; Spread by vaginal, anal, or oral sex, By saliva/genital secretions, Mother can spread to baby during vaginal births
how is herpes spread
no cure
What is the cure for Herpes?
intense itching, especially at night; rash of small red bumps and blisters, tiny red burrows on skin
s/s of scabies?
Permethrin cream, crotamiton cream, benzyl benzoate lotion, lindane lotion from neck down
tx of scabies
Give comprehensive nursing care to the children and the staff at the school.
Coordinate the health education program of the school
Consult with school officials to help identify and care for other persons in the community.
Coordinate the health care of ma
functions of school nurse
Direct caregiver
Health educator
Case manager
Consultant
Counselor
Community Outreach
Researcher
school nurse roles (7)
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Americans With Disabilities Act (1992)
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (1997)
Individualized education plans (IEPs)
Individualized health plans (IH
federal legislations r/t school nursing
Prevention of childhood injuries
Safe Kids Campaign
Substance abuse prevention education
Disease prevention education
Required vaccinations for schoolchildren
Primary Prevention in the School
Nursing care for emergencies in the school
Emergency equipment in the school nurses' office
Giving medication in school
Assessing and screening
Screening for lice
Identification of child abuse or neglect
Communicating with health care providers
Efforts to
secondary prevention in the school
Individual Education Plan (IEP)
Children with asthma
Children with diabetes mellitus
Children who are autistic
Children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Children with special needs in the school
Children with DNR orders
Homebound c
tertiary prevention in the school
asthma, playground injuries, diabetes, lice
common things seen by school nurse
congregational and institutional
2 parish nurse models
congregational-based model
nurse is autonomous, development of a parish nurse arises from the individual community of faith. nurse is accountable to the congregation and its' governing body
institution-based model
The faith community nurse serves a health system with assignment to particular congregational settings; in this model, the parish or faith-based nurse serves as liaison and helps plan and coordinate care, particularly at times of transition. nurse may be
occupational-health nursing
specialty practice that focuses on the preventive healthcare, health promotion, and health restoration within the context of a safe and healthy environment; includes prevention of adverse health effects from occupational and environmental hazards and heal
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
federal agency within US dept. of labor, created to develop and enforce workplace safety and health regulations; sets standards that regulate workers' exposure to potentially toxic substances, enforcing these at federal, regional, and state levels
automotive/appliance manufacturing, miners, service industries (bank, healthcare, restaurants), agriculture, construction. transportation, maintenance, protective service
who is at risk for injury in occupational health?