Behaviorism
A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.
-John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner
Psychoanalytic theory
A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Humanism
A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Cognitive
Human behavior cannot be fully understood
without examining how people acquire,
store, and process information
Jean Piaget
Noam Chomsky
Herbert Simon
Evolutionary
Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations.
David Buss
Martin Daly
Margo Wilson
Leda Cosmides
John Tooby
Applied psychology
The Branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems.
developmental psychology
Looks at human development across the life span. Developmental psychology once focused primarily
on child development, but today devotes a great deal of research to adolescence, adulthood,
and old age
psychometrics
Is concerned with the measurement of behavior and capacities, usually through the development of
psychological tests. Psychometrics is involved with the design of tests to assess personality, intelligence,
and a wide range of abilities. It is also concern
cognitive phsycology
Focuses on "higher" mental processes, such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language,
problem solving, decision making, and creativity.
empiricism
The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.
nature vs nuture
This age-old
debate is concerned with whether behavior is determined
mainly by genetic inheritance ("nature") or
by environment and experience ("nurture"). To
oversimplify, the question is this: Is a great concert
pianist or a master criminal born, or mad
Culture
The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and any other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations.
scientific approach
assumes that events are governed by some lawful order.
The two main advantages of the scientific approach are science's ___ and ____
clarity and precision, intolerance of error
variables
Any measurable conditions, events, characters, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.
extraneous variables
Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.
theory
A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations.
operational definition
A definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable.
psychological test
...
experimental psychology
Encompasses the tradional core of topics that psychology focused heavily on originally. Sensation, perception, learning, conditioning, motivation, and emotion.
Independent variable
In an experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable
dependent variable
In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.
experiment group
The subjects in a study who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.
control group
Subjects in a study who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group
random assigment
The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition.
correlation coefficients
A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.
sampling bias
A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.
placebo effect
The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience changes even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.
ethical guidelines
...
Ethical guidelines for human research: research is always ________ and participants can always ________, participants shouldn't be subjected to ________ treatment, and should always be ________ when deception is involved.
voluntary, withdraw, harmful, debriefed
maslows theory
proposed that humans motives are organized into hierarchy of needs- a systemic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused..
skinners theory
According to Skinner , if the stimulus of food is followed by the response of eating, we can fully describe what is happening without making any guesses about whether the animal is experiencing hunger.
Wrote: (Beyond Freedom and Dignity)- he exerted in th
freuds theory
Sigmund Freud believed Unconsciousness Created procedure known as PSYCHOANALYSIS. He researched the UNCONSCIOUS processes or the thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surfaces of consciousness awareness but that nonetheless exert great i