Freud
Psychosexual
Erikson
Psychosocial
Birth to 1 year
Freud- Oral Stage
Erikson- Trust vs. Mistrust
1-3 years
Freud- Anal Stage
Erikson- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3-6 years
Freud- Phallic (penis) Stage
Erikson- Initiative vs. Guilt
6-11 years
Freud- Latency
Erikson- Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence
Freud- Genital Stage
Erikson- Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adulthood
Freud- Genital Stage
Erikson- Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
Unconscious (psychoanalytic theory)
Emphasize unconscious wishes and urges, unknown to the person but powerful all the same.
Unconscious (behaviorism)
Holds that the unconscious not only is unknowable but also may be destructive fiction that keeps people from changing.
Observable Behavior (psychoanalytic theory)
Holds that observable behavior is a symptom, not the cause-the tip of an iceberg, with the bulk of the problem submerged.
Observable Behavior (behaviorism)
Looks only at observable behavior-what a person does rather than what a person thinks, feels, or imagines.
Importance of Childhood (psychoanalytic theory)
Stresses that early childhood, including infancy, is critical; even if a person does not remember what happened, the early legacy lingers throughout life.
Importance of Childhood (behaviorism)
Holds that current conditioning is crucial; early habits and patterns can be unlearned, even reversed, if appropriate reinforcements and punishments are used.
Scientific Status (psychoanalytic theory)
Holds that most aspects of human development are beyond the reach of scientific experiment; uses ancient myths, the words of disturbed adults, dreams, play, and poetry as raw material.
Scientific Status (behaviorism)
Is proud to be a science, dependent on verifiable data and carefully controlled experiments; discards ideas that sound good but are not proven.
Did monkey prefer cloth or wired mother?
Cloth
Classical Conditioning
Through association, neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
Through reinforcement, weak or rare response becomes strong, frequent response.
Social Learning
Through modeling, observed behaviors become copied behaviors. (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura)
Birth to 2 years
Sensorimotor
2-6 years
Preoperational
6-11 years
Concrete Operational
12 years through adulthood
Formal Operational
Steps from Equilibrium to New Equilibrium?
Equilibrium-> New idea or Experience-> Disequilibrium-> Adaptation-> Assimilation or Accommodation-> New Equilibrium
Cognitive Theory
Ideas, beliefs, assumptions
Psychoanalytic Theory
Emotions (love, hate, fear, etc.)
Behaviorism
Actions (what the person does) (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura)
Zone of Proximal Development
What the leaner could understand with guidance (do teach; exciting, challenging)
What are the 4 Bidirectional influences?
1. Environment (physical, cultural, social)
2. Behavior
3. Neural Activity
4. Genetic Activity
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud- Psychosexual
Erikson- Psychosocial
Cognitive Theory
Thinking, remembering, analyzing (Piaget)
Sociocultural Theory
Social context, expressed through people, language, customs (Vygotsky)
Epigenetic Theory
Genes and factors that repress or encourage genetic expression.
Humanism
basic needs of humans, survival to self-actualization (Maslow and Rogers)
Evolutionary
humans inherit genetic tendencies that help them survive