Personality
unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life.
How personality differes from character or temperament
Personality should not be confused with Character, which refers to value judgements made about a person's morals or ethical behavior; nor should it be confused with temperament, the enduring characteristics with which each person is born, such as irritabi
Freuds Parts of Personality: ID
Works on the pleasure principle (seeks pleasure to avoid pain); innate, biological instincts, immature selfserving, implusive, sexual and aggressive impulses.
Freuds Parts of Personality: Ego
works on the reality principle; mediator, controls impulses of id; focuses on safety; rational decision maker.
Freuds Parts of Personality: SuperEgo
works on the idealistic principle (ideas of absolute right/wrong) the moral center of personality, containing the conscience, and is the source of moral anxiety. conscience; internalized parent; creates guilt to influence behavior.
Fixation
disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflicts in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.
Psychosexual Stage of Development: Oral
first stage occuring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Sexual gratification from the mouth (eating, sucking, biting); too much or too little stimulation can cause problems.
Oral Aggressive Personality
too little stimulation/nursing; argumentative, sarcastic, cynical.
Oral Dependent personality
too much" stimulation/nursing; passive, need attention, gullible.
Psychosexual Stage of Development: Anal
Second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Focus on the process of elimination (toilet training) child can gain approval or express rebellion.
Anal Retentive Personality
holding on" abstinate, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean. A person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn.
Anal Expulsive Personality
letting go"; joy by bringing forth and producing; disorderly, destructive, messy. A person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile.
Psychosexual Stage of Development: Phallic Stage
Third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Increased sexual interest; focus on genitals.
Oedipal Complex
* boy becomes attracted to his mother but fears his father may find out and castrate him (castration anxiety); alleviates anxiety by identifying with his father.
* situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attration to th
Electra Complex
* girl becomes attracted to her father; already feels inferior and castrated (penis envy); identifies with mother because she doesn't have a penis either.
Psychosexual Stage of Development: Latency
Fourth stage occurring during the school years (6-12 or puberty yrs), in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways. Halt in psychosexual development.
Psychosexual Stage of Development: Genital
Puberty to death. Focus on mature sexual relationships.
Neo-Freudians
followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories.
Defense Mechanism: Repression
pushing of threatening thoughts and memories into unconscious.
Defense Mechanism: Denial
Refusing to acknowledge reality of situation.
Defense Mechanism: Rationalization
develop socially acceptable reasons (excuses) to justify behavior.
Defense Mechanism: Displacement
Redirecting impulses onto a "substitue" target.
Defense Mechanism: Projection
attributing our own thoughts and feelings onto others.
Defense Mechanism: Regression
Reverting to a less mature pattern of behavior.
Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation
replacing anxiety - producing feelings and behaviors with the opposite feeling and behaviors; usually exaggerated. (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)
Defense Mechanism: Sublimation
Diverson of unwanted impulses into socially appropriate behaviors.
Alfred Adler
disagreed with Freud over the importance of sexuality in personality development. developed that as young, helpless children, people all develop feelings of inferiority when comparing themselves to more powerful, superior adults in their world. The drivin
Karen Horney
did not study directly with Freud. countered "womb envy", stating that men felt the need to compensate for their lack of childbearing ability by striving for success in other places. Focus was on the child's sense of basic anxiety, the anxiety created in
Carl Gustav Jung
disagreed with Freud about the nature of the unconscious mind. Believed that the unconscious held much more than personal fears, urges, and memories. Believed that there was not only a personal unconscious, as described by Freud, but a collective unconsci
Social-Cognitive View
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models.
Behavioral perspective
researchers who use the principles of conditioning to explain the actions and reactions of both animals and humans.
Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.
Self-Efficacy
individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.
Humanistic Theory of Carl Rogers: Self-Actualization
the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities
Humanistic Theory of Carl Rogers: Self-Concept
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life.
Humanistic Theory of Carl Rogers: Real Self
one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities.
Humanistic Theory of Carl Rogers: Ideal Self
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be.
Humanistic Theory of Carl Rogers: Positive Regard
warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant other's in one's life.
Humanistic Theory of Carl Rogers: Unconditional Positive Regard
positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.
Humanistic Theory of Carl Rogers: Conditional Positive Regard
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish.