in which condition does the brain show a low, steady rate of activity and no response to any stimulus?
coma
in which condition does someone show only limited responsiveness, such as increased heart rate in response to pain?
vegetative state
which of the following is characteristic of a "minimally conscious state"?
brief periods of purposeful action and speech comprehension
what evidence suggests that some people in vegetative state may be conscious?
instructions to imagine playing tennis evoked appropriate brain responses
which of the following often produces spatial neglect for half the body?
damage in the right hemisphere of the brain
researchers wanted to present a stimulus that would become conscious on some trials and not on others, while keeping the stimulus itself the same. which of these methods did they use to make the stimulus unconscious?
they presented interfering stimuli before and after the stimulus
what happens to the brain's representation of a sensory stimulus on occasions when people are conscious of it, that does not happen when they are unconscious of it?
the activity spreads through much more of the brain
in binocular rivalry, you might view green and black vertical stripes in one eye while viewing red and black horizontal stripes in the other eye. what would you probably experience?
alteration; first one, then the other, then the first again
what evidence suggests that we sometimes consciously perceive a stimulus afterward, instead of simultaneously with it?
the way you perceive a first stimulus sometimes alters the way you perceive a second stimulus
people watched a dot moving rapidly around a clock and spontaneously decided when to flex their wrist, remembering and later reporting the location of the dot at the time of the conscious decision. researchers alto measured the time activity increased in
brian activity, then conscious decision, then action
male ground squirrels awaken from hibernation before the females do, and before food is available. why is this theoretically interesting?
it shows that internal timing mechanisms prepare animals for predictable needs
a circadian rhythm lasts about how long?
a day
when people go without sleep for several days in a row, how does their sleepiness change?
they feel sleepy at night, less sleepy in the day, and sleepier again the next night
in an environment in which temperature, light, and other conditions remain constant 24 hours a day, most people
still awaken and go to sleep on a nearly 24 hour schedule
in an unchanging environment (such as cave or submarine) people become sleepy about once every __ hours
28-29
some people describe themselves as "morning people" while others describe themselves as "evening people". which of the following statements is true regarding that distinction?
evening people have low body temperatures in the morning that gradually rise during the day
jet lag occurs whenever you change time zones quickly. which type of trip will result in the most difficult adjustment?
flying from los angeles to new york
people and most other animals wake up and go to sleep on a regular basis, at about the same time every 24 hours. what causes this 24 hour cycle?
it is generated by a built in mechanism in the brain
what is one important function of sleep?
conserving energy
the high school student who stayed awake for several days
slept longer than usual when he did go to sleep, but was refreshed upon awakening
what are two important functions of sleep?
saving energy and enhancing memory
the term "light sleep" and "deep sleep" are not very useful because
rem sleep is deep in some ways and light in others
rem sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because
the brain is very active, but the muscles are relaxed
during which stage of sleep are the major postural muscles most relaxed?
rem sleep
during which stage of sleep is the brain most active?
rem
during which stage of sleep is the brain activity the least?
stage 4
during rem sleep
dreaming is likely to occur
during which stage of sleep does dreaming occur?
mostly during rem sleep, but some also during non rem sleep
an investigatory who wishes to identify whether a person is in stage 1, 2, 3, or 4 of sleep would probably rely on which device?
eeg
what do high amplitude, long slow waves on an EEG indicate?
synchrony among neurons and overall low brain activity
for most people, REM sleep occurs
randomly at any time during sleep
what does it mean if you wake up and find yourself temporarily unable to move?
part of your brain is awake and another part is asleep
what is a lucid dream?
a case when the dreamer is aware of having a dream
an EEG record dominated by long, slow waves indicates that
most neurons are active in synchrony with one another
during an ordinary night's sleep, the usual sequence of sleep stages is
123432REM
a complete sleep cycle from stage 1 to stage 4 and back to stage 1 again lasts about
90 to 100 minutes
if you awaken hours earlier than your usual time and cannot get back to sleep, you will miss out on most of your
stage 2 sleep
sleepwalking occurs mostly in stages 3 and 4 of sleep. why would it be unlikely in REM?
major muscles are paralyzed during rem
night terrors are fairly common in __ and they occur mostly during __ sleep
chidren, non rem
sleepwalking, lucid dreaming, and waking up finding oneself unable to move are all examples of which principle?
part of the brain can awake while another part is asleep
on average, how does dream content compare to waking experiences?
more of dream content includes threats and other unpleasant experiences
what is the relationship between blindness and visual dreams?
people who lose their vision because of eye damage can still have visual dreams
according to the activation synthesis theory, dreaming is
your brain's effort to make sense of spontaneous sensory activity
during dreaming, activity continues to be high in which brain areas?
areas responsible for motivation and emotion
dreaming is similar to
mind wandering
hypnosis is a condition of
increased suggestibility
in what way is hypnosis similar to dreaming?
they are characterized by a loss of initiative and planning
before a person can be hypnotized he or she must
be a willing participant
one well established effect of hypnosis is to
inhibit pain
if a hypnotized person is told to feel no pain, which of the following outcomes is most likely?
decreased activity in the brain areas responsible for emotional reactions
research on posthypnotic suggestion found that when individuals were instructed under hypnosis to mail a postcard every day from a stack that they had been given they
felt compelled to mail a card when the idea "popped into mind
in some stage acs, a hypnotist shows that a hypnotized person can become as stiff as a board, balancing with the head on one chair and the feet on another. how is this done?
people can do this even without being hypnotized
the american medical association recommended that courts refuse to admit testimony that was obtained under hypnosis. why?
memories reported under hypnosis are frequently incorrect
hypnotized people sometimes report memories of past lives. what s one reason to be skeptical of these reports?
they don't accurately answer questions that can be factually checked
in one experiment one group of students were hypnotized while another group pretended to be hypnotized. an experienced hypnotist tried to determine which were the hypnotized students and which were fakes. what happened?
the hypnotist had trouble telling who was really hypnotized
two common effects of meditation are
relaxation and better control of attention
what evidence shows that a deja vu experience does not always mean that an experience is really familiar?
one man reported deja vu right before each seizure, regardless of where or when