Stage 0
relaxed with eyes closed, alpha waves
Stage 1
irregular "awake" waves; theta waves
Stage 2
sleep spindles and K-complexes
Stage 3
delta waves begin
Stage 4
more than � delta waves
REM sleep
active sleep", Eeg and physical activity resemble waking stage
Consolidation Theory
Dreams consolidate or "put together" information of personal significance. Evidence: rat maze learning study
Wish-Fulfillment Theory) (Frued
Dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious"
Manifest content�what the dream IS
Latent (hidden) Content�what the dream REALLY means
We dream to satisfy unconscious urges and desires too upsetting to deal with consciously
Activation-Synthesis Theory
dreams are meaningless, random by-products of REM sleep activity. Brain tries to make sense of random neuronal firing
Hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness brought on by deep relaxation
10% not able, you have to have a willingness
State theory
hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness. Evidence: lie detector test study
Role Theory
hypnosis DOES NOT create an altered state of consciousness, people merely comply with the social role of the "hypnotized person" and act how they think they should
Dissociation Theory
blends state and role theories, hypnosis does create an altered state, due to a desire to play the "role", agree to "share control" with the hypnotist for a while; splits consciousness
Drug
any compund that can change a biological system
Psychoactive drug
a compound that can get into the brain and change behavior or mental processes (thoughts feelings, perceptions)
Depends on what NT system the drug affects, what the NT system does, how the drug interacts with the receptors
Agonist
mimics natural NT, "fits" and "opens" receptor
Antagonist
blocks natural NT, "fits" but doesn't "open", keeps other molecules from binding
Substance abuse
self-administration of drugs in a way that deviates from society's norms
Psychological Dependence
continue taking the drug despoite adverse consequences; feel they need drug to function "normally
Physical Dependence/addiction
need drug to prevent withdrawl
Tolerance�need increasingly larger doses to produce same effects
Depressants
decrease activity of the CNS
Increase GABA, decrease excitability of neurons
Ex.: alcohol, barbituates (phenobarital, pentobarbital), anxiolytics (valium, xanax)
Stimulants
increase the activity of the CNS; increase DA, NE, 5-HT (amphetamines, cocaine, caffine, nicotine)
Opiates
relieve pain, induce sleep; agonists at endorpin sites (opium, morphine, heroin, codine)
Psychedelics
alter perception, cause loss of contact with reality. Most (except weed) work via 5-HT system (marijuana, LSD, peyote, mescaline)