exam 5

Psychotherapy and Biomedical therapy - differences between the two

psychotherapy-the use of psychological techniques to treat emotional, behavioral and interpersonal problems, they all share the assumption that psychological factors play a significant role in a person's troubling feelings behaviors or relationships.
biom

Difference between a clinical psychologist and psychiatrist

clinical psychologist- holds an academic doctorate (ex:phd) and is required to be licensed to practice. Assesses and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Has expertise in psychological testing and evaluation, diagnosis, psychotherapy, resea

Freudian Psychoanalysis: Freudian view of the causes of psychological disorders

Psychoanalysis is designed to help unearth unconscious conflicts so the patient attains insight as to the real source of her problems. through the intense relationship that develops between the psychoanalyst and the patient, long-standing psychological co

Short term Psychodynamic therapy - Interpersonal Therapy

focus on current relationships; interpersonal problems seen as core of psychological symptoms; highly structured-concentrates more on the ego

free association

spontaneous report of all mental images, thoughts, feelings as a way of revealing unconscious conflicts

resistance

patient's unconscious attempt to block revelation of unconscious material; usually sign that patient is close to revealing painful memories

analysis of the resistance

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dream interpretation (manifest and latent content)

dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious"; interpretation often reveals unconscious conflicts

transference

process where emotions originally associated with a significant person are unconsciously transferred to the therapist

Behavior Therapy: principles of behavior therapy - operant and classical conditioning
and observational learning

behavior therapy is used to modify specific problem behaviors, not to change the entire personality. it focuses on current behaviors.

Modeling/Observational learning techniques

client observes others not exhibiting fear of a stimulus and learns that the fear is irrational. particularly successful with children. will take more than one observation session. best used while also learning relaxation techniques

Token economy

based on operant conditioning. used for behavior modification in group settings (prisons, classrooms). has been successful with severely disturbed people. difficult to implement and administer. tokens or points are awarded as positive reinforcers for desi

Aversion therapy

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aversive conditioning

a relatively ineffective type of behavior therapy that involves repeatedly pairing an aversive stimulus with the occurrence of undesirable behaviors and thoughts

flooding

used with mostly phobias-physical exam first. based on the assumption that fear is a reflex response that cannot be maintained if no danger exists. patient is confronted with the fear stimulus and allowed to experience the panic-patients cannot maintain t

Aversion therapy for Alcoholism

relatively ineffective, does not generalize very well beyond therapy. pairs an aversive stimulus with the undesired behavior. a medication called antabuse is used. if a person taking antabuse consumes any amount of alcohol, he or she will experience extre

Systematic Desensitization, In vivo desensitization

a type of behavior therapy in which phobic responses are reduced by pairing relaxation with a series of mental images or real-life situations that teh person finds progressively more fear provoking; based on the principle of counterconditioning. based on

Role of therapist in RET.

RET is based on the assumption that "people are not disturbed by things but rather by their view of things" rational emotive therapy focuses on changing the patterns of irrational thinking that are believed to be the primary cause of the client's emotiona

Beck's Cognitive Therapy - Becks emphasis on Irrational belief, Cognitive Bias and
distorted perceptions

According to Beck, depressed people perceive and interpret experience in very negative terms. they are prone to systematic errors in logic, or cognitive biases (distorting their experiences in a negative way), which shape their negative interpretation of

Becks Cognitive Biases in Depression: Arbitrary Inference

drawing a negative conclusion when there is little or no evidence to support it- joan calls jim and cancels their lunch date because she has a meeting, jim assumes she's going to lunch with another man

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - Combination of Cognitive and Behavioral
techniques - assumptions as to how thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated.

integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques such as operant and classical conditioning. based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated. research has shown CBT to have the highest rate of success with clinical disorders

Humanistic Psychotherapy/Client-Centered Therapy: emphasis of this therapy

emphasizes human potential, self awareness, and freedom of choice. humanistic psychologists contend that the most important factor in personality is the individual's conscious, subjective perception of his self. they see people as being innately good and

Client-Centered Therapy - Rogers -

therapy is non-directive therapist does not interpret thoughts, make suggestions, or pass judgement. therapy focuses on client's subjective perception of self and environment. does not speak of "illness or "cure".
*client centered therapy- a type of psych

positive regard

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conditional acceptance

parents, teachers and others have communicated this message to the client: "i will accept you only if you conform to my expectations" because acceptance by significant others has been conditional, the person has cut off or denied unacceptable aspects of h

unconditional positive regard

the therapist must value, accept, and care for the client, whatever her problems or behavior

genuineness

the therapist honestly and openly shares her thoughts and feelings with the client

Applications of client-centered therapy

motivational interviewing-only one or two sessions; help clients overcome reluctance to change; encourage client's self-motivation statements. marital counseling, parenting, education, business, community and international relations

Factors in Successful therapy

...

Group therapy, family therapy and self-help groups

group- one or more therapists working with several people at the same time.
family- based on the assumption that the family is a system and treats the family as a unit
self help- format varies, many follow a 12 step approach. have been shown to be very ef

Uses of ECT - effectiveness

used for severe depression. very effective for quick relief of symptoms of severe depression. relapse rate is 4 months but the treatment does improve the effectiveness of antidepressants. may have cognitive side effects such as memory loss. very controver

Anti-depressants (SSRI's and dual action antidepressants): how they work in the brain, different types of anti-depressants: 1st generation, SSRI's, Dual-Action antidepressants, Dual-Reuptake inhibitors

First generation of antidepressants called tricyclics and mao inhibitors. these affect multiple NT pathways in the brain. increases the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin. these drugs eliminate depression symptoms but produce a lot of side effec

Drugs for Bi-polar disorder: lithium

lithium- used to treat bipolar disorder. used to interrupt acute manic attacks and prevent relapse. can have serious side effects and must be closely monitored.

Anti-psychotic drugs -differences between typical and atypical anti-psychotic drugs; side
effects, how they work in the brain, D1 and D2 neurons

anti psychotic drugs- used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia(also called neuroleptics.

Anti-anxiety drugs - how these drugs work and the problems in using these drugs (side-
effects): two classes of antianxiety drugs

prescribed to help people deal with the problems and symptoms associated with pathological anxiety. valium and xanax (benzodiazepine) take effect rapidly and calm jittery feelings, relax the muscles, and promote sleep. they produce their effects by increa

anti convulsion drugs- tegretol and depakote

depakote- originally used to prevent epileptic seizuers, it is helpful in treating those who rapidly cycle through bouts of bipolar disorder.
base on the theory that a deficit in GABA increases norepinephrine and causes a manic state-emotional seizure in

Drugs used to treat OCD: Anafranil, etc.

anafranil: the first drug to successfully treat OCD- it is a Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitor-first used to treat depression. other drugs such as prozac, paxis, celexa, and cymbalta are also used. best successes comes from combining these drugs with

History of Psychosurgery: Egas Moniz

psychosurgery is more controversial than ECT and is rarely practiced today. developed by egas moniz- won a Nobel prize for his discovery. although rarely performed today, the most common form of psychosurgery was the prefrontal lobotomy. this procedure in

transorbital lobotomy

walter freeman- video on how the instrument was inserted into the brain

empathetic understanding

therapist reflects the content and personal meaning of the feelings being experienced by the client. in effect, the therapist creates a psychological mirror, reflecting the client's thoughts and feelings as they exist in the client's private inner world.

behavior therapy (classical conditioning)

counterconditioning- the learning of a new conditioned response that is incompatible with a previously learned response. (little albert who was scared of rabbits sat in his high chair eating his favorite food. the rabbit was in his cage but visible to alb

behavior therapy (observational learning)

ex: little albert observing other children petting or holding the tame rabbit. Eventually he imitated the actions of the non fearful children.

behavior therapy (operant conditioning)

behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior. it is often used to teach appropriate behaviors to patients who are mentally disabled by autism, mental retardation, or se

Becks Cognitive Biases in Depression: selective abstraction

focusing on a single negative detail taken out of context, ignoring the more important aspects of the situation- at staceys annual review, her boss praises her job performance but says she could do a little better when answering the phone. she leaves the

Becks Cognitive Biases in Depression: personalization

taking responsibility, blaming oneself, or applying external events to oneself when there is no basis or evidence for making the connection- richard becomes upset when his teacher warns the class about plagiarism. he thinks the comment was directed at him