The three etiologies
Supernatural, somatic, psychogenic
Supernatural
Spirits, gods, witchcraft, and fantastic creatures
somatogenic
Physical trauma, genetics, or disease
psychogenic
Personal experiences, maladaptive thinking, cultural influences
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
Comorbidity
the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient
sociocultural model
a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures
Vulnerabilities of anxiety
1. Biological vulnerabilities
2. Psychological vulnerabilities
3. Specific vulnerability
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
a diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror
specific phobia
fear of a specific object or situation
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
fear of being negatively evaluated by others
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions
Obsession vs. Compulsions
Obsession is recurrent unwanted thoughts, while compulsion are acts that OCD patients feel driven to preform over and over
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma
Symptoms of PTSD
Re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive thoughts, avoiding places and feelings, exaggerated startle reflex etc.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities
persistent depressive disorder
a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder
bipolar I disorder
Single manic episode, no depressive episode required
Bipolar II Disorder
Depression, hypomania
cyclothymic disorder
No major depressive episode
Symptoms 50% of time
No more than 2 months without symptoms, symptoms 50% of the time, no more than 2 months without symptoms
hypomania vs mania
Hypomania= functioning not impaired
Mania= functioning impaired
avoidant personality disorder
People with this disorder exhibit of persuasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Characteristics of avoidant personality disorder
High introversion(withdrawn and passive)
High neuroticism (self-conscious, anxious, worrisome)
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which people engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic and impulsive, and lack empathy
Characteristics of antisocial personality disorder
High antagonism (dishonest, manipulative, callous)
Low conscientiousness (immoral,hedonistic, rash)
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
People with this disorder may be controlling and exhibit workaholism and perfectionism
borderline personality disorder
People with this disorder have difficulty controlling their emotions, may be prone to anger, self-destruction, and may fear abandonment.
Characteristics of borderline personality disorder
High neuroticism (mercurial, poor impulse control)
Schizophrenia
A psychological disorder characterized by a split between thoughts and emotions; involves alterations and thoughts, perceptions, or consciousness
Delusions
False beliefs that are often fixed and hard to change, even when the person is presented with conflicting information
Hallucinations
Perceptual experiences that occur even when there is no stimulus in the outside world generating the experiences
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Disorganized speech; disorganized behavior
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Anhedonia/ amotivation, flat affect, alogia
Anhedonia/amotivation
Lack of apparent interest in or drive to engage in social or recreational activities
flat affect
Lack of showing emotions through facial expressions, gestures, and speech intonation
Alogia
Reduced amount of speech and increased pause frequency and duration
What is psychotherapy?
the generic name given to formal psychological treatment
Psychoanalysis
A method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders
Psychoanalysis techniques
Free association,
childhood relationships,
dreams,
transference-patients may displace feelings for people in their lives onto the therapist
Humanistic/person-centered therapy
Create conditions under which patients can discover their self-worth, feel comfortable exploring their own identity, and alter their behavior to better reflect this identity
Humanistic/person-centered therapy techniques
Non-directive
Unconditional positive regard
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
A family of therapeutic approaches that focus on underlying cognitions and behaviors. The premise of CBT is that thoughts, behaviors and emotions interact and contribute to psychopathology
Techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive restructuring, exposure therapy
cognitive restructuring
Helping clients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality
exposure therapy
Involves having a patient confront a problematic situation instead of avoiding it, therapy reducing the fear associated with the situation through extinction learning
psychotropic medications
drugs that affect mental processes
Primary classifications of psychotropic medications
1. Anti-anxiety drugs (Xanax and Ativan)
2. Antidepressants (MAOIs and SSRIs)
3. Antipsychotics (clozapine and risperdal)
Biological treatments used to treat mental illness
Surgery, electroconvulsive therapy, Transcranial magnetic stimulation,
Power of the situation
idea that behavior is influenced by environmental factors, even though we focus on personal traits for explanation
fundamental attribution error
Explaining our own and other people's behavior entirely in terms of personality traits and to underestimate the power of social influence
pluralistic ignorance
the case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not
diffusion of responsibility
the phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases
bystander effect
The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help
Kitty Genovese
Murdered outside apartment- prompted to investigate bystander effect due to diffusion of responsibility
urban overload hypothesis
the theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
altrusim
the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper
empathy
The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them
According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, when will someone help?
When we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person, regardless of what we have to gain by helping them
Conformity
The tendency to act and think like the people around us
normative influence
people go along with the crowd because they are concerned about what others think of them
informational influence
people go along with the crowd because the actions of others often provide information as to what is socially appropriate
descriptive norms
When what Society expects of us is not explicit, we act the way that most people act
When do we use descriptive norms
1. Get people to reuse towels in hotels
2. Use stair instead of elevators
3. Reduce energy usage
Obedience
An individuals compliance when given an order or command from someone in a position of authority
The Milgram study (1963)
Proved that authority can influence people to behave unethically
Persuasion
the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors
Two routes to persuasion
1. central route (Employs direct, relevant, logical messages)
2. peripheral route(relies on superficial cues that have a little to do with logic)
Characteristics that make up the triad of trust
Authority
^
(This is
A triangle )
Likability <. > honesty
Effective tactics for persuasion
Testimonials, celebrity endorsements, educational message, word of mouth, gifts, "getting a foot in the door", scarcity
hostile aggression vs. instrumental aggression
Hostile- aggression from feelings aimed at inflicting pain
Instrumental- aggression as a means to a goal that isn't inflicting pain
Relational aggression vs physical aggression
Relational-females are more likely to experience
Physical- males are more likely to experience
Schemas
mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember
self-fufilling prophecy
the case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true
Blatant bias vs. subtle bias
Blatant- biases people are perfectly willing to admit
Subtle- biases that are sometimes unconscious, and have real consequences
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
Are stereotypes always negative?
No
prejudice
negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype (leads to discrimination, always negative)
What is the relationship between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?
Prejudice is associated with stereotypes and leads to discrimination.
Replication
The repetition of findings previously presented or published
Reproducibility
The ability to duplicate results
Conceptual vs. exact replications
Successful exact replications mean that the findings of the original study or true
Two parts of the replication problem
1. Studies are rarely replicated
2. Results are rarely reproduced
How did media contribute to the replication problem
The media tends to spread stories of novel, even if these findings have not yet been successfully replicated
How can being a skeptic help fix the replication problem?
Learning to be a skeptic can help people to learn that everything in the media isn't true
exposure effect
people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them
Missattribution of Arousal
the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do
empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
What makes empathy possible?
when we see another person experiencing an emotion, we 'simulate' or represent that same emotion in ourselves so we can know firsthand what it feels like, (probably I don't know this one)
How might we increase empathy
Maybe by learning how to put yourself into the perspective of the people around, not just the ones you're close with (I don't know this one either lmao)
Look at the exam questions
Ok thanks
Dr. Smith believes that a patients schizophrenia was caused by this person growing up in a poor urban region of the United States. Dr. Smith is likely basing this on which model of psychopathology?
Socia cultural model
Oliver experiences high levels of anxiety about exposure to germs. As a result, he typically washes his hands more than 100 times a day. What is the clinical term for this behavior?
A compulsion
Christopher has the idea that a secret government organization is hunting him. His belief is hard to change even in the presence of conflicting information. This is an example of_______________?
Delusion
Gary spends much of his day wondering "what if" about catastrophic scenarios. This thought process makes him feel he has control over the situation; however, the lack of an catastrophes only reinforces the "what if?" Behavior. Gary would most likely be di
Generalized anxiety disorder