affective forecasting
predicting how one will feel in the future after some event or decision
attitude
a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor
automatic
a behavior or process has one or more of the following features: unintentional, uncontrollable, occurring outside of conscious awareness, and cognitively efficient
availability heuristic
a heuristic in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily instances of it come to mind
chameleon effect
the tendency for individuals to nonconsciously mimic the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners
directional goals
the motivation to reach a particular outcome or judgment
durability bias
a bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates for how long one will feel an emotion (positive or negative) after some event
evaluative priming task
an implicit attitude task that assesses the extent to which an attitude object is associated with a positive or negative valence by measuring the time it takes a person to label an adjective as good or bad after being presented with an attitude object
explicit attitude
an attitude that is consciously held and can be reported on by the person holding the attitude
heuristics
a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex mental problems to more simple rule-based decisions
hot cognition
the mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings
impact bias
a bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates the strength or intensity of emotion one will experience after some event
implicit association test
an implicit attitude task that assesses a person's automatic associations between concepts by measuring the response times in pairing the concepts
implicit attitude
an attitude that a person cannot verbally or overtly state
implicit measures of attitudes
measures of attitudes in which researchers infer the participant's attitude rather than having the participant explicitly report it
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to be better able to recall memories that have a mood similar to our current mood
motivated skepticism
a form of bias that can result from having a directional goal in which one is skeptical of evidence despite its strength because it goes against what one wants to believe
need for closure
the desire to come to a decision that will resolve ambiguity and conclude an issue
planning fallacy
a cognitive bias in which one underestimates how long it will take to complete a task
primed
a process by which a concept or behavior is made more cognitively accessible or likely to occur through the presentation of an associated concept
representativeness heuristic
a heuristic in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one's mental representation of the category
schema
a mental model or representation that organizes the important information about a thing, person, or event (also known as a script)
social cognition
the study of how people think about the social world
stereotypes
our general beliefs about the traits or behaviors shared by a group of people; characterizes people based merely on their group membership
conformity
changing one's own attitude or behavior to match that of other people
descriptive norm
the perception of what most people do in a given situation
informational influence
Conformity that results from a concern to act in a socially approved manner as determined by how others act.
normative influence
conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us
obedience
responding to an order or command from a person in a position of authority
automatic bias
unintended, immediate, and irrestible
aversive racism
unexamined racial bias that the person does not intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact
blatant biases
conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing
to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group
discrimination
behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their
group membership
prejudice
an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group
membership
right-wing authoritarianism
Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity
self-categorization theory
develops social identity theory's point that people categorize themselves, along with each other into groups, favoring their own group
social dominance orientation
belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even a good idea to maintain order and stability
social identity theory
people categorize each other into groups, favoring their own group
stereotype content model
shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence
subtle biases
automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but real in their consequences
adaptation
the fact that after people first react to good or bad events, sometimes in a strong way, their
feelings and reactions tend to dampen down over time and they return toward their original
level of subjective well-being
bottom-up" external causes of happiness
Situational factors outside the person that influence his or her subjective well-being, such as
good and bad events and circumstances such as health and wealth
happiness
The popular word for subjective well-being. Scientists sometimes avoid using this term
because it can refer to different things, such as feeling good, being satisfied, or even the causes of high subjective well-being
life satisfaction
A person reflects on their life and judges to what degree it is going well, by whatever standards that person thinks are most important for a good life
negative feelings
Undesirable and unpleasant feelings that people tend to avoid if they can. Moods and
emotions such as depression, anger, and worry are examples
positive feelings
Desirable and pleasant feelings. Moods and emotions such as enjoyment and love are examples
subjective well-being
The name that scientists give to happiness�thinking and feeling that our lives are going very well
subjective well-being scales
Self-report surveys or questionnaires in which participants indicate their levels of subjective well-being, by responding to items with a number that indicates how well off they feel
top-down" or internal causes of happiness
The person's outlook and habitual response tendencies that influence their happiness�for example, their temperament or optimistic outlook on life
adherence
the ability of a patient to maintain a health behavior prescribed by a physician
behavioral medicine
a field that integrates psychological factors in the treatment of disease
biofeedback
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