Chapter 9

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

The idea that the muscular movements involved in certain facial expressions produce the corresponding emotions.

Display Rules

Cultural rules that dictate how emotions should generally be expressed and when and where their expression is appropriate.

Basic Emotions

Unlearned and universal; they are found in all cultures, have same facial expressions, and emerge in children.

Sexual Orientation

The direction of one's sexual interest - toward members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), toward one's own sex (homosexuality), or toward both sexes (bisexuality).

Emotion

An identifiable feeling state involving physiological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of the situation or stimulus causing that internal body state, and an outward behavior expressing the state.

Testosterone

The most important androgen (the male sex hormones), influences the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, as well as sexual motivation.

Sexual Response Cycle

The 4 phases - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution - that make up the human sexual response in both males and females, according to Masters and Johnson.

Parental Investment

A term used by evolutionary psychologists to denote the amount of time and effort men or women must devote to parenthood.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by repeated and uncontrolled (and often secretive) episodes of binge eating. 1 in 25 women.

Multidimensional Treatment Programs

Programs that combine medication, nutritional therapy, and psychotherapy - may prove to be the most successful approach.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming, irrational fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, compulsive dieting to the point of self-starvation, and excessive weight loss.

Obesity

BMI over 30.

Set point

The weight the body normally maintains when on is trying neither to gain nor to lose weight.

Metabolic Rate

The rate at which the body burns calories to produce energy.

Leptin

Hormone which affects the hypothalamus and may be an element in the regulation of body weight.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure of weight relative to height.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

The part of the hypothalamus that acts as a satiety (fullness) center to inhibit eating.

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

The part of the hypothalamus that acts as a feeding center to incite eating.

Primary Drives

Unlearned motives that serve to satisfy biological needs. Thirst, hunger, etc.

Work Motivation

The conditions and processes responsible for the arousal, direction, magnitude, and maintenance of effort of workers on the job.

Industrial/Organizational Psychologists (I/O)

Psychologists who apply their knowledge in the workplace and are especially interested in work motivation and job performance.

Goal Orientation Theory

The view that achievement motivation depends on which of 4 goal orientations (master approach, mastery avoidance, performance approach, performance avoidance) an individual adopts.

Performance Approach Orientation

Will try to surpass the performance of their peers in an attempt to enhance their own sense of self worth.

Performance Avoidance Orientation

Will measure their performance against that of other students and are motivated to work to the point where they are at least equal to their peers.

Mastery Avoidance Orientation

Will exhibit whatever behaviors are necessary to avoid failing to learn.

Mastery Approach Orientation

Will study and engage in other behaviors (ex. attend class) so as to increase their knowledge and overcome challenges.

Need for Achievement (nAch)

The need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a high standard of excellence.

Social Motive

Motive (such as the needs for affiliation and achievement) that is acquired through experience and interaction with others.

Self-actualization

The pursuit of self-defined goals for personal fulfillment and growth.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task: higher arousal for simple tasks, moderate arousal for moderate difficulty, and lower arousal for complex tasks.

Stimulus Motives

Motives that cause humans and other animals to increase stimulation when the level of arousal is too low.

Arousal Theory

A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.

Arousal Levels

1. No arousal - comatose 2. Moderate arousal - pursuing normal day to day activities 3. High arousal - Excited and highly stimulated.

Arousal

A state of alertness and mental and physical activation.

Homeostasis

A natural tendency of the body to maintain a balanced internal state in order to ensure physical survival. (body temp, blood sugar level, blood oxygen)

Drive

An internal state of tension or arousal that is brought about by an underlying need and that an organism is motivated to reduce.

Drive-Reduction Theory

A theory of motivation suggesting that biological needs create internal states of tension or arousal - called drives - which organisms are motivated to reduce.

Instinct

A fixed behavior pattern that is characteristic of every member of species.

Extrinsic Motivation

The desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence.

Incentive

An external stimulus that motivates behavior (ex: money or fame).

Intrinsic Motivation

The desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself.

Motive

Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.

Motivation

All the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior. 3 components: activation, persistence, intensity.

The Hedonic Treadmill Model

The idea was that our highs and lows vary around a neutral state to which we always return once those highs and lows have passed.