Psychodynamic theory
Proposed by: Sigmund Freud
refers to both his theory of personality and his treating of patients.
-personality is a mystery to the person who owns it because e can't know our deepest motives.
Basic Idea: regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside the awareness--motives that can also produce emotional disorders. [Call this the DYNAMIC UNCONSCIOUS.]
-To explain the emotional difficulties of his patients, Frued proposed the mind consists of 3 independent, interacting, and conflicting systems: the id, ego, and superego.
-Good Vs Bad is the 'Id and superego fighting over control of the Ego' whichever is more dominant determines the personality.
dynamics between the 3 are governed by ANXIETY
-Freud believes a persons personality forms before 6 years of age during a period of life stages when experiences influence all that will follow. These periods are psychosexual stages.
Dynamic Unconscious
deals with the psychoanalytic theory;
an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces.
The id [personal needs]
psychoanalytic theory; the most basic part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, watts, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive desires.
-operates in according to the Pleasure Principle-the psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse.
-W/ this alone, you wouldn't be able to tolerate the hunger buildup waiting to be served at a restaurant, you'd just take food off other tables.
the Ego [force of realities demands]
The component of personality developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands.
-Operates in accordance with the REALITY principle; the regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world.
-helps you to resist the impulse to snatch others food.
-uses defense mechanisms to ward off anxiety
-the capacity to use Defense mechanisms may depend on early experiences with caregivers, the DM they used, and biological/temperamental factors as well. How we deal with the world becomes a part of our personality.
The Superego [force of social pressures]
the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority.
-contains a set of guidelines, internal standards, and other codes of conduct that regulate and control our behaviors, thoughts, and fantasies.
-Acts as a conscience, punishing us when it finds we are doing or thinking something wrong (by producing guilt or other painful feelings) and rewarding us (with feelings of pride or self-congratulation) for living up to ideal standards.
Anxiety
governs the id, ego, and superego; the feelings that arise when unwanted thoughts or feelings occur--such as when the id seeks a gratification that the ego thinks will lead to real world dangers or the superego sees as eliciting punishment.
-When ego receives a signal alerts in form of anxiety, it launches into a defensive position to ward it off.
-It first tries repression[ a mental process that removes painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from the conscious mind.] also known as 'motivated forgetting' involves decreased activation in hippocampus.
-Ego can deploy other forms of DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Defense Mechanisms
[the ego] the unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses.
-Anna Freud identified some-rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression, displacement, identification, sublimation
Rationalization
A defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly from ones self) ones underlying motives or feelings.
-like a student who drops a class after failing the first test, but tells herself she quits because the room as poor ventilation and made it impossible to concentrate.
Reaction Formation
A defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite.
-being expressively nice to someone you dislike, finding yourself worried or protective over someone you have thoughts of hurting, being cold to someone you like.
Projection
A defense mechanism that invokes attributing ones own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group.
-people who think they are dishonest may judge other people harshly for having the same qualities.
Regression
A defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development--a time when things felt safer and more secure.
-use of baby talk or whining in those who have mastered appropriate speech or watching cartoons or coddling teddy bears when one is distressed.
Displacement
A defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative.
-slammed a door, yelled at your roommate or spouse when you were really angry at your boss.
Identification
A defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take n the characteristics of another persons who seems more powerful or better able to cope.
-a child who's parents bully her may take on that characteristic of that parent and begin bullying others.
Sublimation
A defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities.
-football, rugby, and contact sports are culturally sanctioned actives that channel our aggressive drives.
Psychosexual stages
Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with these pleasures.
-because Caregiver interfered or overindulged, a child then experiences conflict. This conflict results in FIXATION.
-at each stage a different erotogenic zone dominates the childs' subjective experience.
-Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stage
--> offers a compelling set of story plots for interpreting lives once they have unfolded but has not generated the kinds of clear cut predictions that inspire research.
Fixation
results from a conflict during a psychosexual stage;
a phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically struck or arrested a a particular psychosexual stage.
Oral Stage
The first psychosexual stage; occurs between 0-18 months. The experiences centers on the pleasures and frustrations of the mouth, sucking, and being fed.
-mouth
Associated personality features: talking, dependent, depression, lack of trust, envy, demanding, addictive, and needy
-mouthing off to others= oral aggression
Anal Stage
The second psychosexual stage; occurs between 2-3 years. Is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion or feces and urine, and toilet training.
-anus, urethra
Associated personality features: Orderly, controlling themselves or others or emotions, issues of sublimation and rebellion, occupied with their possessions and money, concerns of clean vs messy, disorganized, and sloppy.
Phallic stage
The third psychosexual stage; occurs between 3-5 years. Experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealously, and conflict.
-penis and clitoris
-Masturbation and Oedipus Conflict
-Associated Personality features: flirtatious, vain, jealous, and competitive.
Oedipus Conflict
occurs during the phallic stage; a developmental experience when a child's conflicting feelings towards the opposite sex parents are (usually) resolved by identifying with the same sex parent.
Latency Stage
The fourth psychosexual stage occurs between 5-13 years. In which the primary focus is on further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills.
-making it to this stage with no fixations means your good to go for healthy personally development.
Genital Stage
The final psychosexual stage which is [puberty and beyond] adulthood.
A time for the coming together of the mature adult personally with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner.
-penis and vagina
-Associated personality features: authentic investments in love and work; capacity for healthy adult relationships.
-if people are still fixated at prior stages they will fail in developing a healthy sexual and adult personality.
Humanistic Psychology
Proposed by: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
-Phenomenological Approach: TO understand personal and subjective experiences to understand behavior.
There is no unconscious mind at all. Look at peoples personal experiences and responses. [behavior]
-emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature that highlights people's inherent goodness and their potential for personal growth.
50-60s; turned to how humans make healthy choices that create their personalities.
--can explain individuals personality differences in how the environment facilitates, or blocks, attempts to satisfy psychological needs.
-people need to shape their lives and goals around their true nature and capabilities. [exp. FLOW]
Existentialist Psychology
Focus on the individual as a responsible agent who is free to create and live his or her life while negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death.
-personality governed by ongoing choices in context of life or death.
-pursue superficial answers to deal with angst and dread.
-construct defenses basis of personalities [can prevent personal growth]
( going through life, making decisions that will affect us later in life causes anxiety...depending on personality, Defense mechanisms differ in how they handle it.)
-like the Student Teachers DM was denial...then denied the rest of her life.
Self-Actualizing Tendency
what humanists see; the human motive toward realizing our inner potential as a major factor of our personality.
1. self aware and accepting
2. open and spontaneous
3. Problem centered [find problems and fix it]
4. Hierarchy of Needs
Examples: the pursuit of knowledge, the expression of one's creativity, the quest for spiritual enlightenment, and the desire to give to society.
Maslow
Proposed Hierarchy of needs: a model of essential human needs arranged according to their priory, in which basic physiological and safety needs must be satisfied before a person can afford to focus on higher-level psychological needs. Only when the basic needs can be satisfied can you pursue higher needs, culminating in self-actualization-the need to be good, to be fully alive, and to find meaning in life.
Rogers
belief in congruence [our goal] and incongruence.
Deals with:
Self-Concept: Who we view ourselves to be
Ideal Self-Who we WANT to be
True Self- Who we actually are
Incongruence
Roger's Concept; Its the gap between self-concept and reality.
When one doesn't achieve their full being. Their views don't match up with reality. Caused be experiences of our past.
-has CONDITIONAL LOVE: maladjusted.
-When people conform- behave how they're expected to behave.
-Not intuitive (don't rely ont heir own intuition b/c theirs might be "wrong")
[defenses to deal with anxiety; denial, perceptual distortion: [viewing situation incorrectly] ]
Congruence
Rogers Concept; Our true goal. Merging of all 3 concepts. Openness to experience and existential living. Living in the moment, creative.
-Unconditional Love: congruent, fully functioning
- so if you fail its okay because they still love you.
-Flexible and Spontaneity.
CONGRUENT
Julie's parents praise er and support her, even when she fails. According to Rogers, Julie is most likely....
Hierarchy of Needs
Bottom: Physiological Needs.
Above: safety and security needs.
Above: Belongingness and Love needs.
Above: Esteem Needs [achievement, recognition]
Above: Cognitive Need [knowledge and understanding]
Above: Aesthetic Needs [beauty]
Top: Need for Self-Actualization
-you can progress or regress from each level of needs at any time
Social Cognitive Theory
Views personality in terms of how people think about the situation encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them. brings together social, cognitive psychology and learning theory.
---How personality and situations interact to cause behavior, how personality contributes to the way people construct situations in their own minds, and how peoples goals and expectancies influence their responses to situations.
Deals with:
-behaviorism and peoples perception of environment
people think about their goals, the consequences of their behavior and how they might achieve certain things in different situations.
-Though situations can trump personality in cases
[funeral vs toga party]
-How do situation and personality react? [person-situation controversy]
Person-Situation Controversy
center of Social Cognitive theory: The question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors.
-its both personality and situation that influence behavior.
-some situations are so powerful everyones the same [AKA a funeral]
-personality consistency in response to situations arise from the way different people construct situations and from the way different people pursue goals within situations.
personal constructs
dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences.
A clown: some see him as a funny guy, others a scary guy, others a sad guy...etc.
[the keys to personality differences]
Outcome Expectancies
how peoples translate goals into behavior. A person's assumptions about the likely consequences of future behavior.
-we perform behaviors that we expect have the outcome that moves us closer to our goals.
-are learned through direct experience and though observing other peoples actions and consequences.
this plus goals= persons characteristic style of behavior.
Locus of control
a person;s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment.
-People who control their own destiny have INTERNAL locus of control.
-People who believe outcomes are random, determined by luck or other people have an EXTERNAL locus of control.
Analytic Psychology
Proposed by: Jung
believes in personal unconscious like Freud (id, ego, superego.
Includes the Collective unconscious which includes archetypes.
Has Personality types: introverts vs extroverts.
Dream interpretation is a big in psychoanalytic theory.
Collective Unconscious
Part of Jung's psychoanalytic theory.
its culturally shared ancestral memories that, through time, have memories and information passed down through generations.
-feelings of deja vu or love at first sight can be attributed to this.
Passes down Archetypes with this.
Archetypes
Are innate ideas, tendencies that shape human behavior and whats passed down through the collective unconscious.
-You can find archetypes in your dreams: Motherhood, shadows, different Personas, Anima/animas.
Introverts
do better alone, face inward towards their collective unconscious. So they have a better understanding go themselves--are more sophisticated and don't need outside approval.
Extroverts
Face outwards from the collective unconscious. They know others better than they know themselves so they seek outside approval or affirmation for themselves.
Collective Unconscious
Jung states that the archetypes are revealed through the...?
You can't
How is psychoanalytic theory proven? [collective unconscious...dream archetypes?]
Individual Psychology
Proposed by: Adler
-As you grow up, you develop skills and abilities to become superior.
striving for superiority become a constant need.
COMPENSATION: overcome inferiority by developing abilities.
-if compensation doesn't happen, this leads to complexes: inferior/superior complex [like debby downer vs angry adam]
First to talk about Birth Order and social context of it:
-1st born is more ambitious and greater urge to care for others.
-Middle child is lost in the world.
-Youngest child is spoiled, the baby, manipulators.
Views importance of social context of a very broad society and world as a whole. Includes economic statuses (rich vs poor); parental support (too much vs too little); Disease, wars, etc.
Carl Jung/ Alfred Adler
Psychoanalytic and individual psychology
NEO-Freudians. They believed in the inner conflict, of anxiety over lasting conflicts, and how we have defense mechanisms for this.
Disagreed with Freud in:
-his emphasis of the role of an unconscious mind. They emphasized the role of a CONSCIOUS mind.
-his focus on sex and aggression. They downplayed the sex and aggression.
-his lack of emphasis on social interaction. They out major emphasis on the role of social interaction and environment on ones personality.
personal vs collective unconscious
Personal Unconscious includes the id, ego, and the superego doing their thing fighting each other.
The collective unconscious deals with cultural and ancestral memories locked in the unconscious part of ourselves that we don't actively deal with but still leaks into our lives through dreams [archetypes] or feelings like deja vu or love at first sight.
Behavior Psychology
Proposed by: Skinner
-the basis of behavioral psychology suggests that all behaviors are learned through operant conditioning.
-reinforcement is important to get the behaviors you want. (pavlova dogs)
Social Learning theory
Bandura and the bobo doll.
-Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning.
-His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling), this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors.
-There are three core concepts at the heart of social learning theory. First is the idea that people can learn through observation. Next is the idea that internal mental states are an essential part of this process. Finally, this theory recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behavior
Self-Concept
A persons explicit knowledge of his or her behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics. develops from social experiences and effects behavior throughout life.
-"I" is the self that thinks, your consciousness. it experiences and acts in the world. its the 'knower'
-the "ME" us the self that is an object in the world; its the self that is known. its less mysterious as its just a concept of a person. your physical appearance, activities you like, and personality traits.
Self-Verification
The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self concept.
-we find it disconcerting if other people see us differently from the way we see ourselves. Then we go out of our ways to prove how they really are who they think they are. talent for self-reflection enables personalities to become self sustaining.
Self-Esteem
The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self.
Self-Efficiany
Proposed by Bandura:
-belief in our ability to succeed in certain situations. The concept plays a major role in Bandura's social learning theory, which focuses on how personality is shaped by social experience and observational learning.
-Your sense of self-efficacy has a major influence on how you approach challenges and goals. When confronted with a challenge, do you believe that you can succeed or are you convinced that you will fail? People with strong self-efficacy are those who believe that they are capable of performing well. These people are more likely to view challenges as something to be mastered rather than avoided.
Self-Report
a series of of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state.
-theory is having a way to obtain objective data on personality without driving their subjects to distractions or involving ones own observational impressions.
-collect set of reports that indicate different degrees of personality characteristics. Scales are based to include a wide range or personalities.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPi-2)
a well researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems.
-measures for clinical problems, depression, hypochondria, anxiety, paranoia, as well as gender role identification, etc. Includes validity scales to asses how truthful peoples answers are. Peoples scores are measured by a computer and immediately compared with the thousands of other test takers.
Projective techniques
a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individuals personality.
-Inkblot test and TAT
Rorschach Inkblot test
a projective personality test in which individuals interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure.
-looking at a cloud, if someone sees a monster that could reveal more about her inner life than a direct question of her fears could.
-test is open to subjective interpretation and theoretic biases by the examiner.
-this technique is losing its popularity.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people.
-In creating stories, the test takers is thought to identify with the main characters and to project his or her view of others and the world onto the other details in the drawing.
-elicit consisten themes: success, failures, jealous, conflict with parents, aggression, sexuality, etc etc...
Allport Trait Theory
Study behavior before unconscious - 18000 words to describe personality.
- Inner disposition that causes behavior.
Trait
a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a particular and consistent way.
-They're generally more stable over time.
WITH AGE:
- Neuroticism and Openness decrease
- Conscientiousness and Agreeableness increase
- After 50 or 60, most stability
WITH GENDER:
- Women higher in agreeableness, neuroticism and extraversion
- Men higher in openness to experience
- Women become less neurotic as they get older
Cattell Trait Theory
From allports theory; narrows it down to 170 logically different traits, from there 16 basic trait dimensions, and from this we get the BIG 5 Dominant Theory.
How trait theory differs from other theories
Unlike many other theories of personality, such as psychoanalytic or humanistic theories, the trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits forms a personality that is unique to each individual. Trait theory is focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics.
Big 5 Traits [OCEAN]
-Openness to Experience ????????Non? Openness
� Conscientiousness ?????????????Undirectedness
� Extraversion ?????????????????????Introversion
� Agreeableness ???????????????????Antagonism
� Neuroticism ?????????????????????????Stability
Openness to Experience - Non-Openness
#NAME?
Conscientiousness?Undirectedness
#NAME?
Extraversion?Introversion
#NAME?
Agreeableness?Antagonism
- Trusting?suspicious
- Compliant?noncompliant
- Humble?self?aggrandizing
[gets alone with people] - [doesn't get along as much]
Neuroticism?Stability
#NAME?
TWINS traits
Monozygotic twins become more similar as they grow older
� Effects of parenting decrease with time
� Genes create predispositions towards behaviors
� Some traits (e.g., sensation seeking) have been linked to specific genes.
stability of personality
Personality is viewed as stable, because its who you are as a person. Three aspects that do tend to change as we age are anxiety levels, friendliness and eagerness for novel experiences.