Na�ve realism
the belief that we see the world exactly as it is
Scientific Theory
an explanation for a large number of finding in the national world
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to seek out evidence thats supports and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them
Belief Perseverance
the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
Metaphysical Claim
assertion about the world that is not testable
Scientific Skepticism
evaluate claims with an open mind, but insist on persuasive evidence before accepting them
Critical Thinking
a set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion
6 Principles of Critical Thinking
Ruling out rival hypotheses
correlation vs. causation
falsifiabilty
replicability
extraordinary claims
occam's razor
Ruling Our Rival Hypotheses
need to make sure that there are not other good explanations for a finding
Correlation vs. Causation
just because two things are associated with one another doesn't mean one is causing the other
Falsifiability
can the claim be disproven?
Replicability
can the results be duplicated consistently in other studies
Extraordinary Claims
requires extraordinary evidence
is the evidence as convincing as the claims?
Occam's Razor
Does a simpler explanation fit the data as well?
KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid)
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt & E.B. Titchener
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
METHOD: introspection
LASTING INFLUENCE: systematic observation
PROBLEMS: subjective, imageless thought
Functionalism
William James & Charles Darwin
understand the functions or adaptive purposes of thoughts, feelings and behaviors
NATURAL SELECTION: emphasized that physical and behavioral characteristics evolved because they increases the chances of their survival and re
Behaviorism
John B. Watson & B.F. Skinner
focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behavior
LASTING INFLUENCE: objective research
Cognitivism
Jean Piaget
thinking is central to understanding behavior
cognitive neuroscience: examines relationship between brain functioning and thinking
LASTING INFLUENCE: language, problem solving, intelligence and psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
focuses on internal psychological processes of which were unaware of
-unconscious
Basic Research
research examining how the mind works
Applied Research
research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems
2 Great Debates of Psychology
-nature vs. nurture
-the free will-determinism debate
Na�ve realism
the belief that we see the world exactly as it is
Scientific Theory
an explanation for a large number of finding in the national world
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to seek out evidence thats supports and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them
Belief Perseverance
the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
Metaphysical Claim
assertion about the world that is not testable
Scientific Skepticism
evaluate claims with an open mind, but insist on persuasive evidence before accepting them
Critical Thinking
a set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion
6 Principles of Critical Thinking
Ruling out rival hypotheses
correlation vs. causation
falsifiabilty
replicability
extraordinary claims
occam's razor
Ruling Our Rival Hypotheses
need to make sure that there are not other good explanations for a finding
Correlation vs. Causation
just because two things are associated with one another doesn't mean one is causing the other
Falsifiability
can the claim be disproven?
Replicability
can the results be duplicated consistently in other studies
Extraordinary Claims
requires extraordinary evidence
is the evidence as convincing as the claims?
Occam's Razor
Does a simpler explanation fit the data as well?
KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid)
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt & E.B. Titchener
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
METHOD: introspection
LASTING INFLUENCE: systematic observation
PROBLEMS: subjective, imageless thought
Functionalism
William James & Charles Darwin
understand the functions or adaptive purposes of thoughts, feelings and behaviors
NATURAL SELECTION: emphasized that physical and behavioral characteristics evolved because they increases the chances of their survival and re
Behaviorism
John B. Watson & B.F. Skinner
focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behavior
LASTING INFLUENCE: objective research
Cognitivism
Jean Piaget
thinking is central to understanding behavior
cognitive neuroscience: examines relationship between brain functioning and thinking
LASTING INFLUENCE: language, problem solving, intelligence and psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
focuses on internal psychological processes of which were unaware of
-unconscious
Basic Research
research examining how the mind works
Applied Research
research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems
2 Great Debates of Psychology
=-nature vs. nurture
-the Free will-determinism debate