The Scope of Cognitive Psychology
Everything we do is based on prior knowledge and experience
What do psychologists study?
attention, decision-making, language, memory, problem solving, perception and reasoning
Questions of cognitive psychology
-How is knowledge acquired?
-How is knowledge retained so that it's available when needed?
-How is knowledge used�whether as a basis for making decisions or as a means of solving problems?
Cognition
What you know, what you think and what recall
Disciplines aligned with cognitive psychology
Brain regions
Clinical neuropsychology
Cognitive neuropsychology
Cognitive neuroscience
Dementia
Human brain
Neuroanatomy
Neurophysiology
Neuropsychological assessment
Neuropsychological rehabilitation
Traumatic brain injury
Abnormal psychology
Social psy
Cognitive psychology is a science that uses these methods:
experimental method and empirical data
Hypothesis and Hypothesis Testing
When doing this kind of testing nothing is EVER proved
Wilhelm Wundt
-German psychologist
-established physiologist
-established psychology as the science of experience
-made first psychology laboratory in 1879
-chief method was introspection (internal perception)
Introspection
-what is it,who did it, what are the problems
-the process through which one "looks within" to observe and record the contents of one's own mental life
-what am I thinking, seeing, feeling?
-are my thoughts visual or language based?
-what steps do I take
Problems w/ introspection
-thoughts are not directly observable
-impossible to test objectively
-individual differences in subjective experience
John Watson
-founder of behaviorism
-psychology as an objective experimental branch of natural science
-study ONLY observable behaviors
-no mental processes
-goal is the prediction and control of behavior
-little Albert experiment (1920)
-showing empirical evidence o
B.F Skinner
-researcher of behaviorism
-principles of operant conditioning, and shaping
-animal cognition
-Skinner box w/rat
Behaviorism
-the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
-focused on stimuli and reaction.
Immanuel Kant
-created the transcendental method
-asked what qualities of the mind make experience possible
Transcendental method
A type of theorizing first proposed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. To use this method, an investigator first observes the effects or consequences of a process and then asks: What must the process have been to bring about these effects?
-begin with obse
The verbal test (pass the salt)
-the interpretation of meaning is what determines the response
-important in understanding language
Hermann von Ebbinghaus
-father of memory research
-learning and forgetting curves
-serial position effect
-savings score
Working memory
-temporary memory storage
-information is held in working memory while it is currently being processed (worked on)
-the part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing.
Span test
measures working memory capacity
Working memory system
A system of mental resources used for holding information in an easily accessible form.
Central executive
-director of the working-memory system
-This is the component of the system that is needed for any interpretation or analysis
-coordinates the activities in other "assistant" components
Articulatory rehearsal loop
One of the low-level assistants hypothesized as being part of the working-memory system.
-subvocalization
-phonological buffer
Subvocalization
silently pronouncing words
Phonological buffer
an auditory image of words
Concurrent articulation
-reduces memory span dramatically
-suggests that the working memory model needs to incorporate speech mechanisms
-tah tah tah
-A requirement that a research participant speak or mime speech while doing some other task. In many cases, the person is require
Cognitive neuroscience
The study of the biological basis for cognitive functioning.
Anarthria
inability to produce overt speech
Inner Hand
-shows us muscle movement is not needed for subvocal rehearsal
-deaf people use covert signing during verbal working-memory tasks
-concurrent hand movements can suppress rehearsal just as concurrent articulation does for spoken language
Functions of working memory
-working memory is more than just the span task
-these mechanisms are important during reading, reasoning, and problem solving
-the rehearsal loop plays an important role during development as we are learning new vocabulary
What kinds of errors do people make when recalling a list of letters?
When people make mistakes in this task, they generally substitute one letter for another with a similar sound. Having heard "S," they'll report back "F"; or having heard "D," they'll report back "T.
Limit of working memory
-limit in size
+/- 7
Procedural memory
memory for skills (riding bike or playing piano)
Henry Molaison (H.M)
-He had retrograde amnesia for years and had severe anterograde amnesia, provides evidence of different memory systems
-clearly, the hippocampus and amygdala are not necessary for procedural memory for adult language processing
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to recall old memories
Anterograde amnesia
inability to acquire new memories
Declarative memory
memories that can be explained and described
Brain structures that HM was affected by
Hippocampus and amygdala were removed, but clearly aren't necessary for procedural memory or for adult language processing
-he was able to learn new skills but didn't remember learning them, like tracing the star
The Scope of Cognitive Psychology
Everything we do is based on prior knowledge and experience
What do psychologists study?
attention, decision-making, language, memory, problem solving, perception and reasoning
Questions of cognitive psychology
-How is knowledge acquired?
-How is knowledge retained so that it's available when needed?
-How is knowledge used�whether as a basis for making decisions or as a means of solving problems?
Cognition
What you know, what you think and what recall
Disciplines aligned with cognitive psychology
Brain regions
Clinical neuropsychology
Cognitive neuropsychology
Cognitive neuroscience
Dementia
Human brain
Neuroanatomy
Neurophysiology
Neuropsychological assessment
Neuropsychological rehabilitation
Traumatic brain injury
Abnormal psychology
Social psy
Cognitive psychology is a science that uses these methods:
experimental method and empirical data
Hypothesis and Hypothesis Testing
When doing this kind of testing nothing is EVER proved
Wilhelm Wundt
-German psychologist
-established physiologist
-established psychology as the science of experience
-made first psychology laboratory in 1879
-chief method was introspection (internal perception)
Introspection
-what is it,who did it, what are the problems
-the process through which one "looks within" to observe and record the contents of one's own mental life
-what am I thinking, seeing, feeling?
-are my thoughts visual or language based?
-what steps do I take
Problems w/ introspection
-thoughts are not directly observable
-impossible to test objectively
-individual differences in subjective experience
John Watson
-founder of behaviorism
-psychology as an objective experimental branch of natural science
-study ONLY observable behaviors
-no mental processes
-goal is the prediction and control of behavior
-little Albert experiment (1920)
-showing empirical evidence o
B.F Skinner
-researcher of behaviorism
-principles of operant conditioning, and shaping
-animal cognition
-Skinner box w/rat
Behaviorism
-the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
-focused on stimuli and reaction.
Immanuel Kant
-created the transcendental method
-asked what qualities of the mind make experience possible
Transcendental method
A type of theorizing first proposed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. To use this method, an investigator first observes the effects or consequences of a process and then asks: What must the process have been to bring about these effects?
-begin with obse
The verbal test (pass the salt)
-the interpretation of meaning is what determines the response
-important in understanding language
Hermann von Ebbinghaus
-father of memory research
-learning and forgetting curves
-serial position effect
-savings score
Working memory
-temporary memory storage
-information is held in working memory while it is currently being processed (worked on)
-the part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing.
Span test
measures working memory capacity
Working memory system
A system of mental resources used for holding information in an easily accessible form.
Central executive
-director of the working-memory system
-This is the component of the system that is needed for any interpretation or analysis
-coordinates the activities in other "assistant" components
Articulatory rehearsal loop
One of the low-level assistants hypothesized as being part of the working-memory system.
-subvocalization
-phonological buffer
Subvocalization
silently pronouncing words
Phonological buffer
an auditory image of words
Concurrent articulation
-reduces memory span dramatically
-suggests that the working memory model needs to incorporate speech mechanisms
-tah tah tah
-A requirement that a research participant speak or mime speech while doing some other task. In many cases, the person is require
Cognitive neuroscience
The study of the biological basis for cognitive functioning.
Anarthria
inability to produce overt speech
Inner Hand
-shows us muscle movement is not needed for subvocal rehearsal
-deaf people use covert signing during verbal working-memory tasks
-concurrent hand movements can suppress rehearsal just as concurrent articulation does for spoken language
Functions of working memory
-working memory is more than just the span task
-these mechanisms are important during reading, reasoning, and problem solving
-the rehearsal loop plays an important role during development as we are learning new vocabulary
What kinds of errors do people make when recalling a list of letters?
When people make mistakes in this task, they generally substitute one letter for another with a similar sound. Having heard "S," they'll report back "F"; or having heard "D," they'll report back "T.
Limit of working memory
-limit in size
+/- 7
Procedural memory
memory for skills (riding bike or playing piano)
Henry Molaison (H.M)
-He had retrograde amnesia for years and had severe anterograde amnesia, provides evidence of different memory systems
-clearly, the hippocampus and amygdala are not necessary for procedural memory for adult language processing
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to recall old memories
Anterograde amnesia
inability to acquire new memories
Declarative memory
memories that can be explained and described
Brain structures that HM was affected by
Hippocampus and amygdala were removed, but clearly aren't necessary for procedural memory or for adult language processing
-he was able to learn new skills but didn't remember learning them, like tracing the star