# of people that suffer from some type of mental disorder
1/5
issues that interfere with treatment
-People may not realize that their disorder needs to be treated.
-Beliefs (stigma) and cirumstances (e.g., financial) that keep people from getting help.
-Even people who acknowledge they have a problem may not know where to look for services
-When people
psychotherapy
interaction between a therapist and client
electric psychotherapy
draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem
drug therapy
treatment with drugs, biological procedure, or surgery
psychoanalysis
-Explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems
-develop insight into unconscious memories, impulses, wishes, and conflicts that may be underlying.
-assumes that humans are born with aggressive an
resistance
a reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material
transference
when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies
carl jung
emphasized the collective unconscious
alfred adler
linked emotional conflict to perceptions of inferiority
melanie klein
believed primitive fantasies of loss and persecution may underlie mental illness
karen horney
emphasized the differences between men and women in society and culture
modern psychotherapies are different from classical psychoanalysis
-Therapist and client sit face-to-face.
-Therapy is less intensive.
-Relief from symptoms is a reasonable goal, and support or advice is often offered.
-There is less influence of unconscious impulses
behavior therapy
assumes disordered behavior is learned and symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors
goals: eliminating unwanted behaviors (consequences) and promoting desired behaviors
token economy
a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards
exposure therapy
an approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotional stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response
cognitive therapy
identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world
cognitive restructuring
teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
mindfulness meditation
encouraged client to present in each moment, to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations, and to detect symptoms before they become a problem
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies
problem focused and action oriented.
humanistic and existential therapies
Assumption: psychological problems stem from feelings of alienation and loneliness, which can be traced back to failure reaching one's potential (humanistic) or finding meaning in life (existential).
person-centered therapy (humanistic)
Assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth, and this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
congruence
therapists words, body language, facial expression supportive and consistent
empathy
identify with clients feelings
unconditional positive regard
warm and accepting demeanor
gestalt therapy (existential)
goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them
Clients are encouraged to put feelings into action.
couples and family therapy
Work on relationship(s), not individuals
group therapy
-Multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere
-Clients can practice relating to others (including modeling appropriate behavior and sharing insights)
-helps with feelings o
self-help and support groups
-Discussion or Internet chat groups that focus on a particular disorder or difficult life experience
-often run by peers who have struggled w same issue
cost affective
-AA
psychopharmacology
the study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms
psychoactive
a drug that has its primary effect in the brain
antipsychotic drugs
medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
block dopamine receptors
atypical antipsychotic drugs
block dopamine and serotonin
anti anxiety medications
drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety
most common are benzodiazepines (valium, ativan, zanax)
benzodiazepines
facilitates GABA action
side effects:
drowsiness, effects on coordination and memory, addictive, interaction with alcohol
antidepressants
a class of drugs that help lift a person's mood
MAOIs, tricyclic antidepressants, SSRI's, SNRIs, norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors
most treat anxiety disorders
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a treatment that involves inducing a mild seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain
for severe depression or mania
side effects: impaired short term memory and head/muscle aches
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain
for depression
mild side effects
phototherapy
a treatment for seasonal depression that involves repeated exposure to bright light
psychosurgery
surgical destruction of specific brain areas
for OCD
rare
placebo
an inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced
outcome studies
designed to assess whether treatment works (often in comparison with another treatment or a control).
process studies
designed to answer why a treatment works or under what conditions
Hans eysenck
reviewed the effectiveness of psychotherapy across studies and found it to actually impede recovery
latrogenic illness
a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment
APA ethical standard
Striving for client benefit and no harm
Establishing trustful relationships
Promoting accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness
Seeking fairness in treatment (avoid biases)
Respecting the dignity and worth of all people
cognitive therapy
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