partial reinforcement
a reward that occurs after some, but not all, occurrences of a behavior
classical conditioning
after the repeating pairing of a uncoditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response and a neutral stimulus, the previously neutral stimulus can come to elicit the same respone as the uncoditioned stimulus
generalization
the tendency for similar stiumuli to evoke the same response
discrimination
a conditioned response will not occur for all possible stiumuli, - learn the difference between stimuli
extinction
the frequency of the organism's producing a response gradually decreases when the response behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcement
behaviorism
John Watson emphasizing the study of observable behavior
systematic desensitization
gradually extinguishing a phobia by causing the feared stimulus to become dissociated from the fear response
reinforcement
strengths a behavior and increases the likelihood of repeating the bahvior in the future
law of effect
Edward Thorndike's concpet that the consequence of a behavior will either strenthen or weaken the behavior
operant conditioning
Skinner's term for changing of behavior by manipulating its consequences
shaping
undifferntiated operant behaviors are gradully changed into a desired behavior pattern by the reinforecment of successive approx - > resembles the target behavior
skinner box
enclosure in which an experiemtner can shape the behavior of an animal by controlling reinforcement and accurately measuring the responses of the animal
negative reinforcement
an aversive event that ends if a behavior is preformed, making it more likelu for that behavior to occur in the future
radical determinism
the belief that all human behavior is cuased and that humans have no free will
habits
Clark Hull's association between a stimulus and a response
primary drive
Hull's motivator of behavior, specifically hunger, thirst, sex, or pain
social learning theory
Dollard and Miller's theory that proposes that habits are built up in terms of a hierarchy of secondary drives
habit hierarchy
learned hierarchy of likelihood that a person will produce particular responses in particular situations
secondary drives
drives that are learned by association with the satisfaction of primary drives
approach- approach conflict
Dollard and Miller's term for conflict in which a person is drawn to two equally attractive forces
approach - aviodance conflict
Dollard and Miller's term for conflict between primary and secondary drives that occurs when a punishment results in the conditioning of a fear response to a drive
aviodance- avoidance conflict
Dollard and Miller's term for to describe two equally undesirable choices
frustration- aggression hypothesis
the theory that aggression is the result of blocking or frustrating, a person's efforts to attaina goal
act frequency approach
assessing personality by examining the frequency with which a person preforms certain observable actions