Structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
Functionalism
a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
Cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.
When and how did pshychological science begin?
Psychological science had its modern begining with the first psychological laboratory , founded in 1879 by a German philosopher and phychologist Wilhelm Wundt, and from later work of other scholars from several disciplines and many countries.
How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today?
having begun as a "science of mental life," psychology evolved in the 1920s into the "scientific study of observable behavior." After rediscovering the mind, psychology since the 1960s has been widely defined as the science of behavior and mental processe
What is phychology's historic big issue?
The relative contributions and interplay between the influences of nature (genes) and nurture (all other influences from conception to death). Today science emphasises the interaction of genes and experinces in specific environments.
What are psycgology's levels of analysis and related perspectives?
The biopsychosocial approach intergrates information from the biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. Psychologist study humn behaviors and mental processes from many different perspectives such as, nueroscientific, evolutionary
What are psychology's main subfields?
Psychology's subfields encompass BASIC RESEARCH (often done by biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychologists), APPLIED RESEARCH (sometimes conducted by industrial/organizational psychologists), and CLINICAL SCIENCE AND CLINIC
What are psychology's major levels of analysis?
Answer:
Psychology's three major levels of analysis are the biological, psychological, and social-cultural. The complementary insights of psychologists studying behavior and mental processes from the neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychody
What event defined the founding of scientific psychology?
Answer:
The founding of scientific psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt's opening of the University of Leipzig psychology laboratory in 1879. The new science of psychology was soon organized into different schools of thought, including structur
Aristotle
The greek philosopher Aristotle developed early theories about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality.
Wilhelm Wundt
(1832 - 1920) - A German Physiologist who is generally credited as being the founder of Psychology. Founded the first Psychology research laboratory in 1879.Established psychology as experimental philosophy, defined as the science in the mental world. His
Edward Bradford
A student of the first psychological laboratory founded by 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt. Edward Bradford Titchener introduced the school of structuralism which explored the basic elements of mind using the method of introspection. He trained people to report ele
William James
Writer and teacher who developed functionalism. He taught psychology at Harvard; Mary Calkins was a student. Influenced by the work of Charles Darwin he asumed thinking, like smelling, developed because it was ADAPTIVE- it contributed to our ancestor's su
Mary Whiton Calkins
American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association. Student of William James.
Margaret Floy Washburn
The first woman to recive a psychology PHD, Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Aniaml Mind.
Sigmund Freud
An Austrian physician, who developed an influential theory of personality. Freud was a theorist and therapist who had influenced humanity's self-understanding.
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who become famous as "little albert
B.F. Skinner
A leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected introsection and studied how consequences shape behavior.
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
Psychosocial approach
considers influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors, all are a part of Behavior or mental process. Biological influences- natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions responding to environment, brin mechanisms,
Neuroscience perspective
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
Evolutionary perspective
how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes
Behavior genetics perspective
how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
Psychodynamic perspective
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Behavioral perspective
how we learn observable responses
Cognitive perspective
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Social-cultural perspective
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
Biological psychologist
exploring the links between brain and mind.
developmental psychologist
studing our changing abilities from womb to tomb
cognitive psychologist
experimenting with how we percived, think, and, solve problems
personality psychologist
investing our persistent traits
social psychologist
exploring how we view and affect one another