a. punishment, negative reinforcement
The term negative reinforcement refers to behavior being strengthened by something that is taken away, so in Jennifer's case, her future behavior will be strengthened by having the headache removed.
Jennifer and Steve are both patients of Dr. Jones. Dr. Jones recommends that when Jennifer and Steve get a headache they take ibuprofen. When Steve takes the ibuprofen to help his headache, he has an allergic reaction to the the medication and doesn't wan
Negative
Positive
_________ reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior; whereas, __________ reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior.
Imitation
Modeling
Observational learning is also known as ______.
Negative Reinforcement
When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, _________ is said to have occurred
retention
reinforcement
attention
motor reproduction
Components of observational learning according to Bandura
Schedules
______ of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
Learning
________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Reinforcement
_____ is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
(biological)
water
food
sex
Primary reinforcers
(conditioned/learned)
praise
points
money
Secondary reinforcers
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response
What is a conditioned stimulus?
observational learning:
learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates another's behavior
Learning by watching the behavior of others is in social learning theory called __________ learning.
schedule of reinforcement:
On a fixed ______, individuals can predict when reinforcement will occur.
Operant conditioning (associative learning0
__________ conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
Unconditioned response
An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
What is an unconditioned response?
Behaviorism:
Which theory of learning discounts the importance of such mental activities as thinking, wishing, and hoping and focuses solely on observable actions?
conditioned response:
the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing
By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov eventually got the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this context the salivation elicited by sound of the bell is called the _______ response.
classical conditioning:
learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a st
The form of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called _________ conditioning.
Thorndike's law of effect
Behaviors followed by good results are more likely to occur again, behaviors followed by bad results are LESS likely to occur
Punishment
_______ wil tend to reduce the frequency of a behavior.
Classical
_______ conditioning can produce immunosuppression, a decrease in the production of antibodies. Adar's Rats
latent learning
Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
voluntary responses:
Voluntary responses are mainly under conscious control, but some voluntary movements, such as walking, require less conscious attention. There are two types of involuntary response, autonomic and reflex. Autonomic responses regulate t
Operant conditioning typically involves _______ responses.
Unconditioned stimulus
The unconditioned stimulus automatically causes a response, each time it is presented.
extinction (classical):
previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears.
In classical conditioning, the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is known as _______.
expectancy learning
Tolman
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Operant conditioning process with laboratory animals. (associative learning) Consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study what?
taste aversion:
Conditioned taste aversion occurs when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance. Generally, taste aversion is developed after ingestion of food that causes nausea, si
______ aversion involves learning the association between conditioned stimuli and nausea and after only a single pairing
Insight learning
______ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.
fixed interval (FI) schedule
The pattern of partial reinforcement in which responses are regularly reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a ______
Learned response:
In learning theory, a learned response is a way that a person reacts to a situation. While an instinctive response is a reaction that is based on biology and evolution, a learned response has been taught. The response may be learned thro
The conditioned response is the _____ response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
spontaneous recovery
An extinguished response reemerges
The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called ________ recovery.
unconditioned stimulus:
A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response; for example, food is an unconditioned stimulus for a hungry animal, and salivation is the unconditioned response.
A ____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.
Variable-interval schedule:
One in which the reinforcement (the reward) is provided after an inconsistent amount of time has passed and following a specific behavior being performed. Let's look at some examples to help this make more sense.
a _____ is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
Ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, if one wants a high rate of responding a ____ schedule should be utilized
conditioned response
In classical conditioning the _______ _____ is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus.
Continuous; partial
In ________ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in ________ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.
The law of effect
Thorndike.
Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcome or weakened.
Every time 2nd grader, Sarah, raises her hand in class and gives the right answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Sarah's participation. this is an example of ________.
neutral stimulus
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a _________ stimulus.
Modeling
...
Behavior modification
(applied behavior analysis) is the application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
_____ modification is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior by adjusting the rewards and punishments in a particular setting.
fixed ratio schedule (FR):
reinforcement should be delivered after a constant or "fixed" number of correct responses. For example, a fixed ratio schedule of 2 means reinforcement is delivered after every 2 correct responses.
The pattern of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement requires a set number of responses is called a __________.
...
Both positive and negative punishment reduce the frequency of a behavior.
You GET something"
A parking ticket
teacher reprimanding you for wearing a hat in class.
Positive Punishment Examples
Something is taken away
Negative Punishment Examples
Shaping
Skinner box
The technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is _______
Acquisition
the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
________ involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.
Positive punishment
spanking
Addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Negative punishment
Removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Endocrine
Placebo effect shows that the secretion of hormones from the _______ system can be influenced by classical conditioning.
generalization:
In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
In operant conditioning, ______ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
Variable-ration schedule
The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes is called a ________ schedule.
Variable-interval schedule
The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed is called a ________.
Fixed Interval schedule
The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a ________ schedule.
Fixed ratio schedule
A ________ reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
preparedness
________ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others
Taking an aspirin when you have a headache
Negative reinforcement examples
Habituation
the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.
Tolerance and ______ is when an individual needs a higher and higher dose of a substance to get the same effect.
Generalization
In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is known as ________.
Time between reinforcements
What distinguishes an interval schedule from other types of schedules?
involves removing a stimulus
Unlike positive punishment, negative punishment does what?
counterconditioning
a technique employed in animal training, and in the treatment of phobias and similar conditions in humans, in which behavior incompatible with a habitual undesirable pattern is induced.
In _____, pleasant feelings from eating chocolate chip cookies are incompatible with the fear produced by being in an elevator, allowing the fear to be weakened or extinguished.
Discrimination
_____ in operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will to be reinforced.
purposiveness
E. C. Tolman
One cognitive factor of learning is _____, the idea that much of behavior is goal-directed.
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