The ________ institution developed to fulfill society's need to transmit knowledge to the young.
education
Contemporary public education is important primarily because of
historical changes in the economic and social structures of industrial societies.
Early public schooling in America was view as a mechanism of
social control
Schools in America today are based on the ________ model of organization.
bureaucratic
________ attempt to avoid most of the bureaucratic features of traditional public schools.
open classrooms
__________ is a nonbureaucratic classroom structure in which students study in groups with teachers acting as guides rather than as the controlling agents determining all activities.
cooperative learning
School choice is undergirded by the _______ model
free enterprise
A school that concentrates on science in its curriculum is known as a
charter school
Charter schools, contrary to expectations, have increased school integration.
FALSE
One of the advantages of for-profit schools is that they operate without government funds.
FALSE
The most salient reason parents give for homeschooling is the desire to provide religious or moral instruction.
TRUE
Functionalism - tracking
schools shape the occupational future of children by placing them in education programs based on test scores and early school performance
conflict theory - meritocracy
students attending better schools have an occupational advantage over students from poorer schools.
symbolic interactionism - hidden curriculum
schools teach children the values of conformity and achievement
Placing students in curricula consistent with the school's expectations for student's eventual occupations is called
tracking.
Schools serve as day-care facilities for dual-employed couples and single parents. This is an example of a
latent function
___________ refers to a social system in which social status is a function of ability and achievement rather than background or parental status.
meritocracy
The idea that some educational requirements are necessary for many jobs today is called
credentialism
A significantly larger proportion of higher social class children attend college than lower-class children. This is largely due to differences in ability among social classes.
F
Educational equality exists when schooling produces the same _____ for lower-class children and minorities as it does for other children.
results
_______ is an approach to education in which the curriculum accents the viewpoints, experiences, and contributions of women and diverse ethnic and racial minorities.
multiculturalism
According to symbolic interactionists, schools are very much in teh business of transmitting
culture
The ______ teaches children such things as discipline, order, cooperativeness and conformity--- skills thought to be necessary for success in a modern bureaucratic society.
hidden curriculum
________ the first authority figures children encounter on a daily basis outside the family.
Teachers
The ______ occurs when an expectation leads to behavior that causes the expectation to become a reality.
self fulfilling prophecy
Functionalism
benefit of schools for society
conflict theory
requirement of unnecessary credentials by schools
symbolic interactionism
effects of teacher reactions on the self-esteem of students
As expected, college enrollemtn in the US declined in the 1980s because of a decrease in the number of 18-24 year olds.
f
Which of the following has suffered the most under continuing state budget cuts?
community colleges
Although a college education pays off financially for white males, it does not benefit African American men and women.
f
Community colleges account for ______ percent of all college students in the US
43
According to Martha Nussbaum, US colleges and universities should put more or less emphasis on business education?
less
Contrary to predictions, for-profit colleges and universities are more expensive than public institutions?
TRUE
Formal Schooling
Education that is provided and regulated by society.
Open Classroom
A non-bureaucratic approach to education based on democracy, flexibility, and non-competitiveness.
Cooperative Learning
Instructional method that relies on cooperation among students.
Integrative Curriculum
An approach to education based on student-teacher collaboration.
Voucher System
System in which public school funds may be used to support public, private, or religious schools.
Charter Schools
Public schools that are operated like private schools by public schools teachers and administrators.
Magnet Schools
Public schools that focus on particular disciplines or areas, such as fine arts or science.
For-profit schools
Schools run by private companies on government funds.
Manifest Function
An action that producers an intended and recognized result.
Latent Function
An action that produces an unintended and unrecognized result.
Tracking
Placement of students in programs according to academic ability levels.
Meritocracy
A society in which social status is based on ability and achievement.
Competition
System in which rewards are based on relative performance.
Education Equality
Condition in which schooling produces the same results for fewer-class and minority children as it does for other children.
Cognitive Ability
Capacity for thinking abstractly.
Cultural Bias
The unfair measurement of the cognitive abilities of people in some social categories.
School Desegregation
The achievement of a racial balance in the classroom.
Multicultural Education
An education curriculum that emphasizes differences among gender, ethnic, and racial categories.
Compensatory Education
Specific curricular programs designed to overcome a deficiency.
Hidden Curriculum
The nonacademic agenda that teachers discipline, order, cooperativeness, and conformity.
An unintended and unrecognized consequence is referred to as a(n) ____.
latent function
Gender discrimination in education
may seem to have improved some, but significant inequalities remain.
In keeping with the ____ model, the process of educating children has been divided more and more into specializations.
bureaucratic
Children learn such things as discipline, order, cooperation, and conformity through ____.
hidden curriculum
Education contributes to social integration by
transmission of the dominant culture; integration of society; promotion of desirable social change; promotion of social norms, values and sanctions; emphasizes the common identity and social integration is fostered by education which contributes to overall social stability and consensus
Suppose you're interested in ways in which the hidden curriculum socializes students to become more effective members of society. Your interests would be most aligned with ____.
symbolic interactionism
Early school administration was based on the model of ____.
factories
One of the basic functions of education is
exercising social control
What does it mean to say that American schoolchildren "culturally illiterate?
NOT urban children cannot name a single famous artist
For conflict theorists the central research question in the sociology of education since World War II concerns
the relationship between education and social inequality
Within the educational institution, when students are placed into classrooms and grouped according to their scores on intelligence and achievement tests this is termed ____.
tracking
Which theoretical perspective in sociology is based on the idea that social institutions develop because they meet one or more of society's basic needs?
functionalism
Schools emerged as the primary educational agent in industrializing societies because
as knowledge increased in volume and complexity, family members gradually lost the ability to educate their children adequately
The voucher system, magnet schools, charter schools, and for-profit schools are all part of ____.
the school choice movement
According to the conflict perspective, credentials are required for jobs even when they are not necessary because
they allow those who can afford them to maintain a strong hold on elite occupations.
Receiving little encouragement and being put on a non-college track is likely to
decrease academic performance
The most common reason that parents give for homeschooling is
a concern with religious or moral deficits in public schools
Cooperative learning approaches are based on the idea that children learn best
when they are actively working with others in the classroom
According to Shepard, school personnel frequently respond to, advise, and track students based on ____ rather than on measured abilities or potential
NOT objective achievement
Schools promote personal growth and development by
preparing students to assume a place in the occupational world.
The institution of education first emerged in the U.S. in response to ____.
industrialization
What legislation prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in any educational program or activity receiving financial support from the federal government?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
According to Shepard, the most significant recent shift in American education has been from equal educational ____ to equality in educational ____.
NOT opportunity; resources
p355
Which of the following factors is most related to both quality of school attended and SAT performance?
parents' social class
Public schools that attempt to achieve excellence by specializing in a particular area are known as ____.
magnet schools
The legislation passed in 2002 that represents the most current manifestation of the back-to-basics movement is called ____.
No Child Left Behind
Suppose you contend that the educational system is important because it teaches students the dominant values of society and selects and screens them through the process of tracking. You would be using the assumptions of ____.
functionalism
Which of these describes research regarding the impact teacher expectation has on student performance?
Students who are perceived as more capable are given more time to answer than those considered less capable.
Education in the United States was originally a responsibility of the ____.
family
From a conflict perspective, tracking represents a ____ of education.
NOT latent function