affirmative action
positive efforts to recruit minority group members of women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
amalgamation
the process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group. A+B+C=D
anti-Semitism
anti-Jewish prejudice
apartheid
a former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-white from dominate Whites
assimilation
the process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural traditions to become part of the dominate culture A+B+C=A
black power
a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions
color-blind racism
the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
contact hypothesis
an interactionist perspective, which states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice
discrimination
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice and other arbitrary reasons
ethnic group
a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
exploitation theory
a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism (a.k.a. Marxist class theory)
genocide
the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
glass ceiling
an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity
hate crime
a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethic group, national origin, or sexual orientation
institutional discrimination
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
minority group
a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their lives than the members of the dominant or majority group have over theirs
model/ideal minority
a subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination, and without resorting to confrontations with Whites (ex. Asians)
pluralism
mutual respect for one another's cultures among various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their cultures without experiencing prejudice A+B+C=A+B+C
prejudice
a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority
racial formation
a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed
racial group
a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance
racial profiling
any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior
racism
the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
segregation
the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominate group
stereotype
an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within a group
symbolic ethnicity
an ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage
transnational
an immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement
white privilege
rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are White. (ex. Unpacking the Knapsack)
5 basic properties of a minority group
1. unequal treatment 2. physical or cultural traits 3. ascribed status 4. solidarity 5. in-group marriage
Functionalist
the dominant majority benefits from the subordination of racial minorities
Conflict
Vested interest perpetuates racial inequality through economic exploitation
Labeling
People are profiled and stereotyped based on their racial and ethnic identity
Interationist
Cooperative interracial contacts can reduce hostility
The 4 dysfunctions of racism
1.prevents using the resources of all ind. 2. aggravates social problems and the $ burden of relieving those problems is placed on the wealthy 3. society must invest time and $ to prevent full participation of all members 4. prejudice/discrimination can u
The 3 functions of racist belief for the dominate group
1. moral justification for maintaining injustice 2. discourages minorities from questioning the status quo 3. major social change would bring poverty