__________ focuses on people at a social level.
Sociological perspective
Studying social dynamics means
examining social change.
Several members of a little league begin wearing their baseball caps backwards, and soon the entire team is following this style. This is an example of
group conformity
Using the Internet for shopping is convenient and can save time. This is a __________ function of this type of shopping.
manifest
When a baby waves "bye-bye," he is using a
symbol.
The state requires that all young people attend school until a certain age. This is an example of the state's
power.
One factor that led to the development of sociology as a field of study was
the industrial revolution.
__________ is a set of assumptions about an area of study.
Theoretical perspective
Functionalist perspective, interactionist perspective, and conflict perspective are all ________ perspectives in sociology.
theoretical
Psychology, anthropology and history are ________.
social sciences
The founder of sociology is
Auguste Comte
__________ emphasize that people can communicate because they share words, gestures and physical objects that have similar meanings to all of them.
Symbolic interactionists
__________ emphasize the contributions of each part of society and how these parts work together to create a unified whole.
Functionalists
related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behaviour
social sciences
the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning
rationalization
science that studies human society and human behaviour
sociology
the way that people attempt to make a favorable impression of themselves in the minds of others
presentation of self
the perspective that emphasizes conflict
conflict perspective
a set of assumption accepted as true by supporters
theoretical perspective
the patterned interaction of people in social relationships
social structure
a view that looks at behaviour of groups, not individuals
sociological perspective
ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives
sociological imagination
interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols
symbolic interaction
sees competition over scarce resources as a basis of social conflict
conflict perspective
interested in the meanings that individuals attach to their actions and to the actions of others
interactionist perspective
views various elements of society in terms of their functions
functionalist perspective
focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society
interactionist perspective
views social change as an inevitable feature of society
conflict perspective
views society as a set of interrelated parts working together to produce a stable social system
functionalist perspective
Sociology is the scientific study of _________.
social structure
Who is the person most closely associated with positivism?
Auguste Comte
Who is the person most closely associated with a classless society?
Karl Marx
Who is the person most closely associated with symbolic interactionism?
Herbert Blumer
Who is the person most closely associated with rationalization?
Max Weber
Who is the person most closely associated with sociological imagination?
C. Wright Mills
Research can be divided into two broad categories:
quantitative and qualitative
When determining a causal relationship between two variables, the research does not have to be based on entire ________, but rather just representative samples.
populations
A researcher sends you a form to fill out concerning your favourite movies. This is an example of
a questionnaire.
Which of the following is not a method used when conducting qualitative research?
questionnaires
The value that occurs most frequently in a given set of data is the _____.
mode
The average of the numbers is the ________.
mean
The number that is halfway into the set is the ______.
median
When performing quantitative research, sociologists rely on __________ about 90 percent of the time.
pre-collected data
research method in which people respond to questions
survey
intensive study of a single group, incident or community
case study
a group of people that are representative of a larger population
sample
a testable statement of relationships among well-defined variables
hypothesis
a written list of questions that a research participant answers
questionnaire
research that takes place in a natural (nonlaboratory) setting
field setting
a group of people who share identifiable characteristics
population
The systematic study of the biological basis of all social behaviour is called
sociobiology
______ stands for something else and has a shared meaning attached to it.
symbol
Examples of _________ are ideas, beliefs, and rules.
nonmaterial culture
Groups that reject the values, norms, and practices of the larger society are known as the
counterculture.
________ have great moral significance attached to them
Mores
A __________ is a group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture.
society
Examples of ________ include automobiles, clothing, and buildings.
material culture
_______ are written rules of conduct enacted and enforced by the government.
Laws
Traits that exist in all cultures are known as
cultural universals.
A group that has its own unique values, norms, and behaviours that exist within a larger culture is called a
subculture.
The shared belief about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable are called
traditions.
___________ is the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to all others.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards is called
cultural relativism.
__________ consists of all the shared products of human groups.
Cultural universalism
Norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them are called
folkways.
A reward or punishment given by a formal organization such as a judge or a teacher is a
formal sanction.
Most evident in employment and often measured by success and personal worth. Ability to get things done
achievement and success
National view that we treat one another as equals
equality
Continuous and regular work as a goal for most Americans
activity and work
Belief that this is the best form of government because all citizens are entitled to equal rights and equal opportunity
democracy
_________ is when prison personnel deliberately attempt to destroy the self-concepts of inmates.
Desocialization
Prisons and mental hospitals are examples of ________ institutions.
total
The people who have a direct influence on our socialization are called _________.
significant others
A _______ is composed of people of roughly the same age and social characteristics.
peer
The most important agent of socialization is the ______.
family
The importance of human _______ for normal social development was revealed through studies of children raised in isolation.
interaction
The _______ experiment examined the importance of closeness and comfort versus food in rhesus monkeys.
social isolation
________ begins at birth and continues through adulthood.
socialization
When a child watches how her parents are evaluating her behavior during her first visit to a nice restaurant, and she then adjusts her behavior accordingly, she is using the ________.
looking-glass self
If a math teacher's opinion of a student is important to that student, the teacher is a _______.
significant other
In the _________ stage, young children mimic the behavior of others around them.
imitation
________ perspective theory says that socialization of children is useful in maintaining status quo.
Conflict
Prisons, military boot camps, and mental hospitals are examples of
total institutions.
The mass media, peer groups, and schools are examples of
agents of socialization.
The integrated conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of one's society is called the
generalized other.
The process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviours is known as
resocialization.
The sum total of behaviours, attitudes, and values characterizing a person is
personality.
The interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others is called
the looking-glass self.
The part of the self created through socialization is called the
me.
The culture process of learning to participate in group life is
socialization.
What are the four major agents of socialization?
family, school, peer group and mass media
What are the three stages of the role taking process?
the imitation stage, the play stage, and the game stage
A position that a person occupies in a social structure.
status
Occurs when the roles of a single status are inconsistent or conflicting.
role conflict
A society that solves the subsistence problem by learning to grow and harvest plants.
horticultural society
People living with defined territorial borders and sharing a common culture.
society
Culturally defined rights and obligations attached to statuses.
roles
The increase in the number of large cities.
urbanization
The social unity achieved through interdependence based on specialized functions.
organic solidarity
Status that affects most aspects of our lives.
master status
The society that releases some people from the land to engage in non-economic activities.
agricultural society
A nomadic society characterized by economic cooperation.
hunting and gathering society
Social unity accomplished through a consensus of values, beliefs, and norms.
mechanical solidarity
The underlying pattern of social relationships.
social structure
A status that can be earned.
achieved status
A status that is assigned.
ascribed status
A society characterized by the replacement of human labor with mechanical labor.
industrial society
all of the statuses that a person occupies at any particular time
status set
a position that strongly affects most other aspects of a person's life
master status
The earliest type of society was the __________ society.
hunting and gathering
An example of a teacher's __________ is to be respected by her students.
rights
An example of a student's __________ is to study the material presented by the teacher.
obligations
When you are discussing with your friend what to do on Friday night, you are engaging in
social interaction.
In __________ societies, most people work in white-collar jobs.
postindustrial
When you spend so much time practicing for a concert that it affects your grades, you are experiencing
role conflict.
Impersonal interactions involving limited parts of personalities.
secondary relationships
Behavior that matches group expectations.
conformity
A formal organization based on rationality and efficiency.
bureaucracy
Interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in a particular.
coercion
Web of social relationships that joins a person to other groups.
social network
The emergence of informal groups within a formal organization in which personal relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments not provided for by the formal organization.
informal organization
Exclusive group demanding intense loyalty.
in-group
A group deliberately created to achieve one or more long-term goals.
formal organization
Interactions that are intimate, personal, caring, and fulfilling.
primary relationships
People who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another's company.
primary group
People temporarily in the same place at the same time.
social aggregate
The ability to control the behavior of others.
power
Interaction aimed at defeating an opponent.
conflict
People who share only part of the lives while focusing on a goal or task.
secondary group
People who share a social characteristic.
social category
At least two people who have one or more goals in common and share common ways of thinking and behaving.
group
Group targeted by another group for opposition, hostility, and competition.
out-group
Group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms.
reference group
Interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a goal.
cooperation
The largest group to which a person belongs to is a
society.
When past offender return to prison.
recidivism
A violation of social norms.
deviance
The approach to crime control that attempts to resocialize criminals.
rehabilitation
Crimes committed by high-status people in the course of their occupation.
white-collar crime
The social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting or absent.
anomie
The practice in which criminals pay compensation equal to their offenses.
retribution
The major source of American statistics on crime gathered from police departments.
Uniform Crime Reports
Ways for promoting conformity to norms.
social control
Rewards or punishments designed to encourage desired behavior.
social sanctions
An undesirable characteristic or label used to deny the deviant acceptance.
stigma
Theory that states that people are defined by those in power as deviant.
labeling theory
Tactic that uses intimidation to prevent crime.
deterrence
Theory that conformity to social norms depends on a strong bond between individuals and society.
control theory
Theory that states that deviance exists when there is a gap between culturally desirable goals and means.
strain theory
Theory that states that deviance is learned in proportion to exposure to deviant acts.
differential association theory
_______ is repeated criminal behavior.
Recidivism
Keeping criminals in prison is known as ________.
incarceration
A _________ is a crime committed by an individual or individuals in the course of their professional lives.
white-collar crime
Juvenile crime refers to legal violations among those less than __ years of age.
18
A ________ is a mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.
stigma
Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government is a _______.
crime
The police, courts, and corrections are components of the __________.
criminal justice system
A person who engages in only occasional, isolated instances of deviance is engaging in _______.
primary deviance
A behavior that departs from a society's norms is considered _______.
deviant
________ attempts to resocialize criminals so that they can be productive members of society.
rehabilitation
________ attempts to make a criminal pay compensation for his illegal acts.
Retribution
A/an ________ consists of a reward or punishment that encourages people to behave in a certain way.
social sanction
A person who regularly engages in deviant behavior that becomes an important part of her life is engaging in ______________.
secondary deviance
In ________, crimes committed against members of a low social class are seen as less serious than those same crimes committed against members of higher social classes.
victim discounting
a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent
anomie
Gambling, illegal drug use, and vagrancy are examples of
victimless crime.
A large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence is called a
crime syndicate.
The sanctions that are used to punish criminals are called
corrections.
Vandalism, larceny, and burglary are _________.
crimes against property
Labeling theory states that the definition of _______ often depends on the person who is engaging in the behavior
deviance
The major reason for incarceration is because people cannot ____________ if they are in jail.
commit crimes
The court system, the police, and correctional institutions are all part of
the criminal justice system
Benefits of _________ for society are it provides a safety valve, promotes social change, and increases social unity.
deviance
controls who is arrested
police
determines guilt or innocence of offenders
courts
rehabilitates criminals
corrections
discourages criminals from committing future offenses
corrections
imprisonment without parole
incarceration
longer prison sentences
incarceration
extremely harsh prison conditions
deterrence
psychological counseling in prison
rehabilitation
swift justice
deterrence
A class system with no social mobility.
caste system
The measure that compares the economic conditions of those at the bottom of society with the economic conditions of others.
relative poverty
The absence of enough money to secure life's necessities.
absolute poverty
The name given to rulers; or those who own the means of production.
bourgeoisie
The name given to those who are ruled; the worker class.
proletariat
The creation of layers, or strata, of people who possess unequal shares of scarce resources.
social stratification
The mobility that occurs from one generation to the next.
intergenerational mobility
The recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions.
prestige
Movement among social classes based on merit and individual effort.
open-class system
The amount of money received by an individual or group.
income
The trend involving an increase in the number of women and children living in poverty.
feminization of poverty
The changing from one occupation to another at the same general status level.
horizontal mobility
The movement of individuals or groups within social classes.
social mobility
Upward or downward mobility based on occupational status.
vertical mobility
A segment of the population whose members hold similar amounts of resources and share values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle.
social class
The economic resources possessed by an individual or group.
wealth
People who work at low-skill jobs and have an income below the poverty line
working poor
People who are poor, unemployed, and frequently come from families that have a history of not working regularly
underclass
A divorced mother of two who works as a server at a fast food restaurant and has no other source of income except her paycheck
working poor
A worker on an automotive assembly line
working class
A middle-aged man who comes from a long line of inherited wealth and does not work for a living
aristocracy
A family composed of an accountant, a grade school teacher, and two small children
middle class
A person who has become very wealthy because of his or her own abilities
lower-upper class
A fairly large group of people who have been successful primarily in business, professions, and the military
upper-middle class
A person who has inherited wealth for many generations
aristocracy
A high school dropout who works at a gas station making minimum wage
working poor
The largest segment of society, composed of hourly workers whose income is somewhat below average
working class
A handicapped woman who lives in government-subsidized housing
underclass
A woman who has become a multimillionaire by working hard to develop a chain of 30 home improvement stores
lower-upper class
There must be limited resources and these resources must be allocated unequally among people for what to occur?
social stratification
The largest class in the United States today is the
working class.
In the U.S., children are taught that a person's hard work and talent determine his or her social class. This best describes the _________ view of social structure.
symbolic interactionist
__________ refers to the different layers of people who possess varying amounts of scarce resources.
Social stratification
Karl Marx's called the working class acceptance of capitalistic ideas ___________.
false consciousness
An automobile mechanic switches to a job in which he repairs appliances. This is most likely an example of ______.
horizontal mobility
__________ consists of the amount of money a person receives within a specific time period.
Income
People who __________ do not even make enough money to pay for their food and safe place to live.
live in absolute poverty
Members of the __________ have typically worked hard to achieve large amounts of wealth.
lower-upper class
A disabled 56-year-old man with no other source of income other than disability payments from the federal government most likely belongs to the
underclass.
When you add up all the economic resources a person has, such as savings, home, personal property, etc., you have determined that person's
wealth.
A skilled plumber would most likely be a member of the
working class.
A major characteristic of the aristocracy is that they have been wealthy for many ________.
generations
A man with few marketable skills who comes from a family in which people typically worked only enough to get by is most likely a member of _______.
the working poor
The area manager for ABC Trucking becomes the new area manager for Rent-A-Truck
horizontal mobility
A secretary becomes a manager
vertical mobility
A factory foreman takes a job as a foreman in a rival company
horizontal mobility
________ can be considered a special form of vertical mobility.
Intergenerational mobility
A plumber's daughter graduates from medical school and opens her own practice
intergenerational mobility
A group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment are called a/an
minority.
Members of a/an __________ share certain biologically inherited physical characteristics and are seen by society as part of a separate group.
race
A/an __________ is socially identified by unique characteristics related to culture or nationality.
ethnic minority
A/an __________ is a set of ideas based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification that is applied to all members of a group.
stereotype
The blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society is referred to as
assimilation.
When a minority is denied equal access to the culture and lifestyle of the larger society, __________ has occurred.
subjugation
__________ refers to widely held preconceptions of a group and its individual members.
Prejudice
The systematic effort to destroy an entire population is
genocide.
__________ not only involves judging people unfairly, but assumes that a person's own race or ethnic group is superior.
racism
__________ involves treating people unequally, including avoiding social contact with members of minority groups and excluding them from the better jobs and the better neighborhoods.
Discrimination
An expectation that leads to behavior that then causes the expectation to become a reality is
self-fulfilling prophecy.
__________ results from unfair practices that are part of the structure of society and that have grown out of traditional, accepted behaviors.
Institutionalized discrimination
Discouraged workers who have stopped looking for work or part-time workers who would prefer to have full-time jobs represent
hidden unemployment.
The idea of a "tossed salad" in which traditions and cultures exist side by side is a pattern of assimilation called
cultural pluralism.
Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Nineteenth Amendment, and the Civil Rights Act of ____ are all legislation that led to the end of discrimination.
1964