In Emile Durkheim's view, what is the causes of many social problems (like suicide)
suicide rates seemed to be higher in times of peace than in times of war and revolution
Names of the famous micro sociologists
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To be qualified as a scientific theory, must a theory work well in terms of predictive power?
Both explanatory and predictive power
Functionalist perspective
emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain stability
Conflict perspective
assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between the competing groups
Interactionist perspective
concerned primarily with fundamental or everyday forms of interaction, including symbols and other types of nonverbal communication
Feminist perspective
often allied with the conflict perspective, sees inequality in gender as central to all behavior and organization
What is the dependent variable?
Substance abuse, The variable in a casual relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable
What is the independent variable?
length of time with diabetes, the variable in a casual relationship that causes or influences a change in another variable
What is internal validity?
refers to how well an experiment is done, especially whether it avoids confounding (more than one possible independent variable [cause] acting at the same time). The less chance for confounding in a study, the higher its internal validity is.
What is measurement bias?
also referred to as information or observation bias, is systematic (nonrandom) error in classifying subjects with regard to exposure or outcome status. This is sometimes due to inaccurate measurements.
What is measurement error?
occur when the response provided differs from the real value; such errors may be attributable to the respondent, the interviewer, the questionnaire, the collection method or the respondent's record-keeping system. Such errors may be random or they may res
What reliability?
the degree to which a measurement instrument gives the same results each time that it is used, assuming that the underlying thing being measured does not change.
Examples: If the temperature in a room stays the same, a reliable thermometer will always giv
What is sampling bias?
Sampling error is an error that occurs when using samples to make inferences about the populations from which they are drawn. There are two kinds of sampling error: random error and bias.
What is sampling error?
Sampling error is an error that occurs when using samples to make inferences about the populations from which they are drawn. There are two kinds of sampling error: random error and bias.
Why researchers control some variables when studying the relationship between other variables?
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Interactionists view on how culture emerges
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Max's views on culture
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What are the examples of a type or element of culture?
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What produces cultural variations across groups?
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What is culture?
language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects passed from one generation to another
What is culture diffusion?
-the process by which an idea, invention, or some other cultural item is borrowed from a foreign source
What is culture assimilation?
is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.
What is culture accommodation?
attempts to allow specific cultural practices within another culture and adjusting one's habitual expressive habits in order to facilitate communicating with people of a different culture
What is culture innovation?
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What is culture universal?
developed certain common practices and beliefs in every culture
What is dramaturgy?
The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. Coined by Erving Goffman.
What is generalized other?
the collection of roles, rules, norms, beliefs, and attitudes endorsed by the community in which a person lives
What is primary group?
-A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion based interaction over an extended time
What is secondary group?
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What is reference group?
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What is impression management?
Erving Goffman, the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audience
What is rationalization?
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What is self-presentation?
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What is social structure?
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What is social institution?
organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs
What is social interaction?
the ways in which people respond to one another
Do criminal offenders and victims have similar social characteristics for most crimes?
No
Will a society with chronic shortages of young women tend to experience greater problems with crime and violence by younger men?
Yes, there are not enough women to keep them occupied
Is wealth distributed far more unequally than income in the U.S.?
No
Marx's views on capitalism and class
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Max Weeber's views on social inequality
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What is social mobility?
movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society
What is stratification?
structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society
According to Allport's contact hypothesis, does the type of interaction or situation affect interactions between different groups?
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What is amalgamation?
the process by which the subcultures of various groups are blended together, forming a new culture
What is assimilation?
A process of making conquered people part of your culture
What is pluralism?
smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society.
What is discrimination?
Any action that unlawfully or unjustly results in unequal treatment of persons or groups based on color, race, gender, national origin, religion, age, or handicap, for which distinctions are not are not supported by legal or rational considerations
What is prejudice?
- A generalized belief, usually inflexible and unfavorable, applied to members of a particular group.
According to Camile Paglia, is a society which openly sexualizes women prone to socially repress women?
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According to Guttenberg and Scord, is the influence of dyadic power much stronger than structural power in terms of gender relations in the long run?
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According to Margaret Mead, what may cause cultural differences?
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Did the first "bathing beauty" contests occur during the same period when women were gaining the right to vote?
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Do men and women within a society agree upon gender roles?
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Do most patriarchal societies tend to have chronic shortages of men?
No, a patriarchal society is organized and run by men
Do imbalanced sex ratios change the relative dyadic power of men and women after a certain period of time or almost immediately?
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Is the sex ratio theory supported by research on the "hook up culture" on college campuses?
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The definition of sex ratios?
the proportional distribution of the sexes in a population aggregate, expressed as the number of males per 100 females.
What causes imbalanced sex ratios?
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What is gender?
the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex (i.e. the state of being male, female or intersex), sex-based social structures
What is instrumentality?
an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship betweens one's family and other social institutions
Where was women's right movement in the 1900s heavily centered?
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Compared with women in Italy, Great Britain, and the Czech Republic, are women in the U.S. burdened with a fair greater share of housework?
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Functionalists perspectives on family and its relationship with social inequality, patriarchal gender roles and homophobia
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As a primary agent of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspecti
What is kinship based on?
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What is polyandry?
one woman married to many men
What is polygamy?
a marriage in which a man or woman has two or more spouses
What is exogamy?
Marriage to someone from a different social group. Because people are traveling more, going to colleges in other places & communication technology makes it easier to meet different types of people. There is also a greater acceptance of inter-racial dating
What is endogamy?
principle that requires that people marry or have sexual relations within a certain group.
What is homogamy?
the tendency to select a mate with a similar race, economic, or social characteristics as us.
What is serial monogamy?
A marriage pattern in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime, but only one at a time
Which racial or ethnic group has not experienced an increase in single parent households over the past 40 years?
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Are the rates of religious participation in the U.S. higher than those in Germany, France and Great Britain?
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Differences between Baptists and Episcopalians in terms of education and income
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Does secularization make everything become profane?
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Features of religious sects
small; limited; informal and emotional; specific, purity of doctrine emphasized; trained to some degree
Major world religion by population
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The racial and ethnic make-up of Muslims in the U.S.
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Weber's views on religion and capitalism
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What are the major denominations in the U.S.?
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