a
By 2011, the human population had reached 7 billion. Given recent rates of population growth, what do you think is the official prediction for the global population in 2050?
(a) 9-10 billion
(b) 14-15 billion
(c) 19-20 billion
(d) 24-25 billion
demography
-The study of populations
-Emerged out of nation-states to measure characteristics of their populations
crude birthrate
Statistical measure representing the number of births within a given population per year, normally calculated in terms of the number of births per thousand
fertility
The average number of children produced by women of childbearing age in a particular society
fecundity
A measure of the number of children that it is biologically possible for a woman to produce
doubling time
- The time it takes for a particular level of population to double
-you divide 70 by the current growth rate. If the growth rate is 2 percent, it would take 35 years for the population to double.
crude death rate
Statistical measures representing the number of deaths that occur annually in a given population per year, normally calculated as the ratio of deaths per thousand members
mortality
number of deaths in a population
infant mortality rate
The number of infants who die during the first year of life, per thousand live births
life span
The maximum length of life that is biologically possible for a member of a given species
rate of population
A measurement of population growth calculated by subtracting the yearly number of deaths per thousand from the number of births per thousand
exponent population growth
-A geometric, rather than linear, rate of progression, producing a fast rise in the numbers of a population experiencing such growth
-1:2:4:8:16:32:64:128
demographic transition
An interpretation of population change, which holds that a stable ratio of births to deaths is achieved once a certain level of economic prosperity has been reached
2nd demographic transition
New demographic model that calls for fertility rates that may continue to fall because of shifts in family structure
-Delayed marriage and childbearing
-Rising rates of cohabitation and divorce
Chicago school
1920- 1940 studied urban studies
ecological approach
In the field of urban analysis, a perspective emphasizing the natural distribution of city neighborhoods into areas having contrasting characteristics
urban ecology
An approach to the study of urban life based on an analogy with the adjustment of plants and organisms to the physical environment
megacities
-Describes large, intensely concentrated urban spaces that serve as connection points for the global economy
-Better access to education, health, transportation, communications, water supply, sanitation, and waste management
suburbanization
The development of suburbia, areas of housing outside inner cities ( in U.S)
urban problems
Unemployment ,crime, declining city services like schools, police, welfare, and overall upkeep
ghettos
Residential zones where particular groups are forced to live
slums
Zones inhabited by poor people
urban renewal
The process of renovating deteriorating neighborhoods by encouraging the renewal of old building and the construction of new ones
gentrification
A process of urban renewal in which older, deteriorated housing is refurbished by affluent people moving into the area
environmental threats
biodiversity, global warming, demand for energy, sustainable development
d
The study of populations, including size, rates of growth, and other characteristics, is known as ______.
(a) sociology
(b) human statistics
(c) the ecological approach
(d) demography
b
Zenzele compares population growth between developing and industrialized countries and notices that in certain countries, there has been a great deal of population growth, despite the fact that fertility rates have remained the same. What is one potential
c
Which of the following is a central characteristic of the urban ecology approach as developed by Robert Park?
(a) It positions the suburbs as a kind of exile zone reserved for those pushed out of central urban spaces.
(b) It is more concerned with urbanis
Robert park
_____ believed that cities are formed as a result of natural processes that were quite similar to processes of ecological competition that governed the adaptation of plants and animals to their environment. This perspective was challenged by Drake and Cay
c
According to the text, two main reasons for the higher urban growth rate in the world's less industrialized cities are _____ and _____.
(a) immigration; high fecundity rates
(b) longer life expectancies; contentious rural politics
(c) high fertility rates
c
According to estimates by the United Nations, approximately how many people worldwide live in urban slums in 2010?
(a) between 200 and 500 million
(b) 2 billion
(c) slightly less than 5 billion
(d) more than 1 billion
b
Current fears regarding the depletion of energy resources are greatly exacerbated by:
(a) a lack of consensus regarding the cause of global warming.
(b) the rapid economic growth of countries like China and India.
(c) the deteriorating levels of consumpti
urbanism
A term used by Louis Wirth to denote distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonality
Jane Jacobs
argued "eyes and ears upon the streets" which means although the city is filled with strangers, some of whom are dangerous, if the city creates enough reasons for people to be coming and going on the street, enough of them will be respectable strangers wh
David Harvey
came up with "created environment
created environment
constructions established by human beings to serve their needs, derived from the use of man-made technologies such as roads, railways, factories, offices, private homes, and other buildings
Manuel Castells
came up with "collective consumption
collective consumption
a concept that refers to processes of urban consumption, such as the buying and selling of property
- ex: gay movement in san francisco
global cities
Cities such as London, New York, or Tokyo, that have become an organizing center of the new global economy
premodern cities
-Developed along rivers
-Surrounded by walls
-Contained a religious temple, royal palace, government and commercial buildings, and a public square
-Elites lived near center; others near or outside the walls