adulthood
growing up and having a set of person responsibilities
resocialization
learning new or different attitudes, values, behaviors from ones own background
voluntary
assume new status of own free will Ex. baylor student
Involuntary
occurs agains person own free will Ex. Prison
social interaction
process by which people act towed or respond to other people
social structure
complex framework of societal institutions & social practices that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people behavior
macrolevel (social structure)
social institutions groups, status, roles, and norms
what do functionalist emphasize?
social structure = order and predictability
what do conflict theorist believe?
that there is more to social structure than apparent; must explore deeper
karl marx on economy
economy is the most important
social marginality (Robert Park)
part insider and part outsider in social structure
stigma
is the mark of shame
status
a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, right, and duties
ascribed status
a status you can't change (ex. Race, ethnicity, gender, age)
achieved status
voluntary status/ personally chose/ merit based (ex education, occupation, income) ascribed status affects achieved status)
master status (Everett Hughes)
the most important status a person occupies (stigmatized master status - being homeless)
status symbols
material signs that inform others of a persons specific status Ex. wedding rings
roles
a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status
role expectations
a group or society's definition of the way a specific role should be played
role performance
how a person plays a role
-doesnt always match
-relational/ complimentary (ex. student/teacher)
role conflict
when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more stases held at the same time
-prioritize roles
-can be causes by changing statuses
role strain
when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies
values
are ideas on what is right and wrong, good and bad, desirable, and undesireable
what are US core values
1) individualism
2)achievement
3) activity and work
4) science and technology
5) progress and material comfort
6) efficiency and practicality
7) equality
8)morality
9)freedom and liberty
10) racism and group superiority
ideal vs real culture
large discrepancies between the two are sources of social problems
norms
established rules of standard conduct proscriptive and prescriptive
folkways
customs that can be violated without serious consequences. Culture specific (Ex. wearing proper clothes to church)
mores
strongly held norms with moral and ethic connotations that if violated have serious consequences
taboo
strongest mores extremely offensive if violated (Ex. Incest)
what contributes to culture change
-technology
-cultural lag
- discovery
-invention
-diffusion
cultural diversity
it is the wide range of differences in nations
subcultures
cultures within other cultures. differ in a significant way from the larger society. (Ex. Older Order Amish and China towns)
counter cultures
strongly rejucts dominant social values (ex. skinheads, and paramilitary members)
culture shock
when people believer they cannot depend on their own assumptions about life
ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.
cultural relativism
Involves recognizing that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards
high culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
popular culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
cultural capital theory
high culture purpose to exclude subordinate classes
types of culture
-fad
-fashion
-cultural imperialism
-many components of societies and cultures
what do functional theorists say about culture
they say if you share a common language and core values you are more like to live in harmony together
Latent function
unintended functions that remain unacknowledged by members of social unit
Dysfunctions
undesirable consequences of any element of society
who coined the term Power Elite
Mills
feminist approach
focus on women's experience and importance of gender in a social structure
symbolic interactionist perspective (Mead)
people communicate through use of symbols and symbolic gestures (ex. smile, wave)
post modern perspectives
seeks to explain societies that are characterized by an information explosion, rise of consumer society, and world wide communication
why is sociological research necessary
-to add to our knowledge base
-to move beyond common sense to more accurate understanding of social phenomenon
-to debunk fallacies in everyday interpretations
-to provide explanations of complex social issues and problems
theory
a set of inter related statements that attempt to describe social interactions, a theory give meaning to research, the research found help support theories
quantitative research
based on data that can be measured by numbers
qualitative research
uses words rather than numbers to analyze
who supported qualitative research
Max Weber
conventional research
1) select and define the research problem
2)review previous research
3)formulate a hypothesis
4)develop research design
variables
concepts with measurable traits or characteristics, that can change or vary from time, situations, society
independent variable
presumed to cause or determine a dependent variable
dependent variable
assumed to depend on or be caused by the independent variable more so does the independent variable
intervening variable (KM)
one that affects the dependent variable more so than does the independent variable
to use a variable sociologist create an...
operational variable
operational variable
an explanation of the abstract concept in terms that can be measure the arable
T/F maturity a qualitative variable
True
survey
poll where researchers gather fact or determine relationships among facts
field research
case study; ethnography (participant observation)
experiment
experimental group, control group, correlation when 2 variable associated more frequently than y chance; hawthorn effect
secondary analysis
using existing material and analyzing data originally collected by others
content analysis
systematic examination of cultural artifacts or other data to extract thematic data or draw new conclusions
cross sectional research
(now, gallup poll, nbc poll)
longitudinal research
over time
expost facto
recreating the past
operational definition
how you measure your conceptual hypothesis
T/F the tea room was a restroom where ppl gathered to drink tea
false (it was for prostitution)
sociology
systematic study of human society and social interaction (km. scientific study of society)
Society
a large social group that shares
1) geographical territory
2)political authority
3)dominant cultural expectations
global interdependence
all people are intertwined w/larger, worldwide issues
sociological imagination (c. Wright Mills
enables us to make connections between personal and public issues
1) race- physical characteristics
2) ethnicity- cultural heritage
3)class - standing in society
4) gender - beliefs and patterns
enlightenment
age of reason, emphasized human progress and experience, not religion of traditional authority
industrialization
shift from Ag to manufacturing
urbanization
shift from rural to urban areas
Auguste Comte
father of sociology, coined the term 'sociology' mentored by st. simon, positivism, and the scientific inquiry
positivism
idea that the world can best be understood by scientific inquiry
Hariet Martineau
mother of sociology' translated comte to english, wrote society in america which analyzed consequences of industrialization and capitalism, and advocate racial and gender equality
herbert spencer
social Darwinism - 'survival of the fittest' adaption, evolutionist social darwinisme - belief that animals including humans, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas the poorly adapted die out
emile durkheim
father of modern sociology" social facts anomie, and studies suicide
social facts
patterned ways of acting, thinking and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person
anomie
a condition is which social contra becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society
suicide (Durkheim)
durkheim found that high suicide rates were connected to large-scale societal problems, not just individual problems
which sociological thinkers emphasized social order and stability
Comte, Martineau, Spencer, and Durkheim
Who emphasized conflict and social change
Marx and Weber
Karl Marx
economic determinist emphasized SES, he was mentored by fredrick engles, who wrote Das Kapital and Communist Manifesto
Max Weber
stressed value free sociological inquiry, verstehen, wrote the protestant work ethic, and spirit of capitalism coined term 'bureaucracy'
verstehn
german for understanding to gain the ability to see the world like other see it
Adam Smith
father of capitalism wrote the wealth of nations in 1776
Chicago school
1st department of sociology
Lester Ward
father of american sociology founded the A.S.A. believed similarly to Comte
william grahm sumner
social darwinist
George H mead
symbolic perspectives
jane Adams
founded the hull house, 1st american and 1st woman to win nobel peace prize prize
WEB DeBois
double consciousness, studied race, help organize NAACP, founded 2nd dep. of sociology at atlanta university
structural functionalist
assumes that society is a stable, orderly system, distinguishes between manifest and lament functions of social institutions
what is culture
culture is the knowledge language values, customs, and material objects passed down from person to person in a society
material culture
physical and tangible creations that members of society make, use or share
non-materialist culture
abstract human creations that influence peoples behaviors
George murdock
cultural universals are customs and practices that occur in all societies. (ex. appearances, activities, and social institutions, and customs.
symbol
meaningfully represents something else
language
set of symbols and make communication possible, both verbal and non-verbal
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
language shapes the view of reality, it precedes thought, most sociologist think language influences reality and does not create reality
language and gender
language has a positive connotation to males but negative to females. language also ignores females
language race and ethnicity
creates and reinforces ideas of superiority of certain races. derogatory terms are used in conjunction with physical threats
functionalist view (language)
shared language is stabilizing force in a society
conflict view (language)
language is a source of power and control
what do values and norms create (conflict view)
positions of power in societies
what do values and norms create (symbolic view)
that they create and maintain culture in everyday activities
what do values and norms create (post modernist)
no single perspective can create anything but we have to look at all cultures for insight
where will most important changes in culture come from
from the technological revolution
socialization
the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental and social skills needed for survival in society
sociobiology
the systematic study of how biology affect social behavior
Id
component of personality that includes all the individuals basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification
ego
rational, reality oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure seeking drives of the id
superego
to moral and ethical aspects of personality
self-conflict
totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves
cooly looking glass self
a persons sense of self is derived from the perception of others through 3 step process
a) how our personality and appearance look to others
b) how other people judge how we present ourselves
c) develop a self concept
role taking
process which a personal mentally spumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from that persons POV
significant others
persons close to ones self
generalized others
an awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture
agents of socialization
persons, groups or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society
peer group
group of people who are linked by common interest
gender socialization
aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group
racial socialization
aspects of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of ones racial or ethnic statuses as it relates to
a) personal and group identity
b) intergroup and inter individual relationship
c) position and social heiarchy
anticipatory socialization
process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles
social devaluation
when a person or group is considered to have less social value than other group
resocialization
process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values and behaviors from those in one's previous background and experiences
total institution
place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution
socialization
the most important process in which you determine sense of self
isolated behavior
Davis research (anna)-she was kept in a basement never fully recovered
ericksons 8 psychological stages of development
...
Piaget
cognitive development
Kohlberg
stages of development
Erick Erickson and Anna Freud
set up first child guidance center in Boston MA
George Herbert Mead
the emergence of self
id "i
spontaneous and unique traits
me
the internalized expectations
taking role 3 stages
-preparatory (imitate)
-play stage (age 3-5)
-game stage (generalized other)
ages of socialization
-the family
-the school
-peer groups
-mass media
E.O. Wilson
Sociologist that believe in nature over nurture
role exit (Helen Rose)
when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self identity
four stages of role exit
-doubt/frustration/burnout
-search for alternative-seperate
-turning point, divorce
-creation of new identity
social group
two or more people who interact frequently and share common identity and a feeling of interdependence
primary group
a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face to face, emotion based interactions over an extended period of time
secondary group
a larger more specialized group in which members engage in face to face emotion based interactions over an extend period of time Ex. Family
social solidarity
a groups ability to maintain itself in the face to face obstacles
social isolation
opposite of social solidity
formal organization
highly structured group formed for the purpose of complementing tasks or achieving certain goals (ex. College)
social institution
a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic needs
the five basic institutions
-family
-religion
-education
-economy
-government
mechanical solidarity
the social cohesion of pre-industrial societies, i which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds
Organic solidarity
the social cohesion found in industrial societies, i which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependance
gemeinschaft
a traditional society in which social relationships are based on person bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
gesellschaft
a large urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships with little long term commitment to the group consensus on values