authority
power that people consider legitimate as rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power
polygany
a form of marriage in which men have one or more wives
polyandry
a form of marriage in which a woman has one or more husbands
family
two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption
nuclear family
a family consisting of a husband, wife, and child(ren)
extended family
a nuclear family plus other relatives
blended family
a family formed when two people marry and bring their children from previous relationships into a new family unit
houshold
people who occupy the same housing unit
family of orientation
the family in which a person grows up in
family of procreation
the family that is formed when a couple's first child is born
marriage
a group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort
endogamy
the practice of marrying within one's own group
exogamy
the process of marrying outside of one's own group
incest taboo
the rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives
system of decent
how kinship is traced over generations
bilineal system
a system of decent that counts both the mother's and father's side
patrilinear system
one is related to only the ancestors on the father's side
matrilinear system
one is related to only the ancestors on the mother's side
patriary
a society in which males dominate females; authority is vested in males
matriarchy
a society in which females dominate males; authority is vested in females
egalitarian
authority more-or-less equally divided between people or groups
? Six basic survival needs of a family (Functionalist)
1. economic production
2. socialization of children
3. care of the sick and aged
4. recreation
5. sexual control
6. reproduction
What characteristics of a person do most people "fall in love" with?
people in their usual circles and whom they have regular contact with
Empty Nest Syndrome
a feeling of loneliness when all children have grown up and move out of their parent's home. However, more parents are experiencing "boomerang children
boomerang children
Adult children who come back to live with parents after having left
widowhood effect
causes the widow(-er) to grieve or be so emotionally shocked by the passing of their spouse that the too pass soon
African American families
-least likely to be lead by married couples and most likely by women
-are known for sharing scarce resources and "stretching kisnship" which are survival mechanisms
What is more important in determining family life in a Latino family?
a. Being Latino (race)
b. social class
c. country of origin
b. social class
Asian American families
-more likely to use guilt over physical punishment
-family life is framed by such values as: humanism, collectivism, self-discipline, hierarchy, respect for elderly, moderation, and obligation
Native American families
-avoid physical punishment
-the elderly play an active role in teaching and disciplining
One-parent families
children from these families are more likely to have behavioral problems in school, to drop out of school, get arrested, to have physical health problems, to have emotional health problems and get divorced
? The more ____ a family has, the more it assumes the characteristics of a _______ family. Compared to the ___________ families that have ____ children and ____ unmarried mothers.
resources, middle-class nuclear, poor, middle-class, fewer, fewer
Couples who cohabitate before marriage are ___ likely to divorce
more
cohabitation
adults living together in a sexual relationship without being married
Who receives more health benefits due to marriage and cohabitation?
men
homogamy
the tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another
Two components of romantic love
emotional - feeling of sexual attraction
cognitive - label we attach our feelings to
credential societies
employers use diplomas and degrees as sorting devices and indicators of certain skills one should have obtained
Two main goals of education
1. producing more educated workers
"Americanizing" immigrants
Something in common educational systems around the world have
they adjust to the country's changing values and the views of the world; the educational system is a means to directly influence students and impart the desires of the state
mandatory education laws
laws that require all children to attend schooluntil a specified age or until they complete minimum grade school
cultural capital
privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life
manifest functions
intended beneficial consequences of people's actions
latent functions
unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions
cultural transmission values
schools pass on society's core values from one generation to the next
Values stressed in US schools
private property, individualism, and competition
Loyalty to the state as a cultural value is stressed by all countries
inclusion
helping people become part of the mainstream society; also called mainstreaming
social placements
the process by which schools sort the capable students from the "incapable" students
Schools bring about ___ ___. Schools help forge a ___ ___, and to forge a ___ ___ is to stabilize the ___ ___.
social integration, national identity, national identity political system
People have no reason to rebel if-
they identify with society's institutions and view them as advantageous to their own welfare
The ___ have vested interest in maintaining the status quo, but have a hard time getting the ___ ___ to identify and embrace the social systems
wealthy, lower class
gatekeeping
the process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity; another term for the social placement function of education
tracking
the sorting of students into different programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities
hidden curriculum
the attitudes and the unwritten rules of behavior that schools teach in addition to the formal curriculum
IQ tests are-
culturally biased. They are another tool to maintain generational social class structure
___ ___ stress the way schools are funded stacks the deck against the ___.
Conflict theorists, poor
___ ___ is more important than test score in predicting who will attend college.
Family background
U.S. school closely reflect the ________.
U.S. social class system
self-fulfilling prophecy
a false assumption of something that is going to happen, but which then comes true simple because it was predicted
grade inflation
increasing grades so that the grade no longer has the same value or weight that it once had
Social promotion
passing students from one grade to the next even though they have not learned the basic materials
Functional illiteracy
high school graduates who have never mastered the skills they should have learned in high school
Three element of religion according to Durkheim
Beliefs: that some things are sacred
Practices (rituals): centering on things considered sacred
A moral community: resulting from a groups' beliefs and practices
sacred
aspects of life having to do with supernatural and that inspire awe, reverence, deep respect, even fear.
profane
aspects of life that are not concerned with religion but, instead, are part of ordinary, everyday life
rituals
ceremonies or repetitive practices; in religion, observances or rites often intended to evoke a sense of the sacred
cosmology
teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world
religious experience
a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God
Functionalist Perspective: 6 functions and 2 dysfunctions of religion
Functions:
1. Questions about Ultimate Meaning
2. Emotional comfort
3. Social Solidarity
4. Guidelines for everyday life
5. Social control
6. Social Change
Dysfunctions:
1. Justification for Persecution
2. War and terrorism
cult
simply a new or different religion whose teachings and practices are at odds with the dominant culture or religion; all new religions begin as cults. Start with a charismatic leader.
sect
larger than a cult, but members still feel some sort of tension between their views and the larger society; with growth comes an easing of tensions between the group and the larger culture
church
religion is highly bureaucratized; often has a national or international headquarters, specific rules and regulations
Ecclesia
there is no conflict or competition between the religion and the state; rather there is complete cooperation. The state absorbs the religion; citizenship makes everyone a member
Denominations
strands of major religions
__% of Americans belong to a denomination
62
Demography
the study of size composition, growth, and distribution of human populations
Malthus theorem
as the population grows exponentially and is left unchecked, the population will outstrip it's food supply, which grows arimathically
New Maltusians
argue that the situation is just as bad - if not worse - than it used to be. They utilize the exponential growth curve.
exponential growth curve
if growth doubles in approximately equal intervals of time, it accelerates
Anti-Maltusians
far less bleak and more hopeful in terms of population growth. Europe's demographic transition consist of four stages. They argue that there will be too few children
reasons of hunger
drought and war
three demographic variable
fertility, mortality, migration
fertility
number of children a woman has
mortality
number of deaths or the number per 1000 people
migration
number of immigrants minus emmigrants
push factors
-what people try to escape
poverty, war and violence, persectution
pull factors
-what draws people to a new land
opportunities in education, better jobs, freedom to worship pr to discuss political ideas, more promising future for children
basic demographic equation
births - deaths + net migration
demographic transition
3-staged historical process of change in the size of populations:
first: high birthrates and death rates
second: high birthrates and low death rates (medicine from Most Industrialized Nations, hybrid seeds, purer drinking water)
third: low birthrates and
population pyramids
a graph that represents the age and sex of a population
fecundity
the number of children that an average woman bears (2.4 children)
zero population growth
women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population
city
a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food
urbanization
the process by which a proportion of the population lives in cities and has a growing effect on culture
metropolis
a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs
megalopolis
an urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many suburbs
megacity
a city of 10 million people; largest is Tokyo, largest in U.S. is New York
metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
a central city and the urbanized counties adjacent to it
edge city
a large clustering of service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provide a sense of place to people who live, shop and work there
gentrification
middle-class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes
suburbanization
the migration of people from the city to the suburbs
suburb
a community adjacent to a city
redlining
bankers refusing to make loans to certain people by drawing a line around a problem
disinvestment
withdrawal of investment
deindustrialization
moving U.S. companies to countries where labor costs are lower
Urban renewal
a redevelopment and restructure of a problem rundown area
enterprise zone
the use of economic incentives in a designated area to encourage investment
human ecology
the relationship between people and their environment; also called urban ecology
4 models of urban growth
Concentric zone model, Sector model, Multiple- nuclei model, Peripheral model
invasion-succession cycle
the process of one group of people displacing a groups whose racial-ethnic or social class characteristics differ from their own
social change
a shift in the characteristics of culture and society
How many social revolutions have there been? What are they?
1. Hunting and gathering societies developed into horticulture and pastoral societies
2. The plow brought the emergence of agricultural societies
3. The steam engine ushered the Industrial Revolution [These changes are called modernization]
4. The microch
Evolution from lower to higher societies: unilinear & multilinear
1. Unilinear theories suggests that all societies follow the same path: each evolve from simpler to more complex forms
2. Multilinear theories take a different approach and suggest that different routes lead to the same stage of development
Natural cycles
civilizations are like organisms: they are born, enjoy exuberant youth, come to maturity, and then decline as they reach old age. They eventually die.
Marc's view: dialectic process [of history]
Thesis (current power arrangement) + Antithesis (contadictions to the power arrangements) = Synthesis lead to a Classless State
Ogburn's theory
technology changes society by three processes:
1. Invention - combining existing elements and materials to form new ones
2. Discovery - a new way of seeing reality
3. Diffusion - the spread of an invention or discovery from one area to another
cultural lag
technological advances cause society to change first, but the culture lags behind. We must change and adapt our cultures as ways to meet the needs to catch up with technology
Proactive social movement
seeking to promote social change in the face of intolerable conditions, such as injustice
Reactive social movement
resistance to social change (ex. KKK, Tea party)
Social movement organizations
group of individuals who seek to further their goals to promote or resist social change
Public opinion
the way the mass of people feel about an issue
propaganda
the presentation of information in an attempt to influence people
three meaning of technology
1. tools: items used to accomplish tasks
2. procedures: necessary to produce tools, ways we manufacture computers, combs, etc.
3. skills: needed to use tools
coersion
power that people do not accept as rightly exercised over them; also called illegitimate power
state
a political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in some particular territory; aka government. Citizens are not allowed to do that the state is sanctioned to do.
___ is the ultimate foundation of any political order
Violence
rational-legal authority
authority based on laws or written rules
traditional authority
authority based on custom (monarchy, parental authority)
charismatic authority
authority based on an individual's outstanding traits, which attracts followers