Ascribed Status
a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntary later in life
Achieved Status
positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part; can be positive or negative
Status Symbols
signs to identify your status; example: a wedding ring, a police badge, Hester's scarlet letter, APO letters
Values
the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable; good or bad; beautiful or ugly.
Norms
expectations or rules of behavior that reflect and enforce behavior
Examples of Social Institutions
a set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how a society will attempt to meet its basic needs; a standard way of doing something; set the social context of your behavior
Functional Requisites of Society
replacing members, socializing new member, producing and distributing goods and services, preserving order and providing a sense of order
Gemeinschaft and Gessellschaft
type of society where everyone knows everyone else; example: Amish | a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest; example: Kim and Kourtney
Stereotyping
fixed pictures of how everyone in a group is thought to be; ideas that do not recognize anyone`s individuality
Mechanical solidarity
people who perform similar tasks developed by a shared consciousness; example: ecovillage
Organic Solidarity
the interdependence that results from people needing others to fulfill their jobs; solidarity based on the interdependence brought about by the division of labor
Dramaturgy
an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis
Ethnography
the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.
Peter Principle
the observation that "in every hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence
Thomas Theroum
William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.
Most egalitarian type of society
Socialism is the best example of an egalitarian society. When Marx wrote "From each according to his ability, and to each according to his needs," he was acknowledging that people are certainly born with different abilities, but they should be rewarded eq
Domestication of Plants and Animals
First social revolution
Industrialization
The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services.
Social Inequality
refers to relational processes in society that have the effect of limiting or harming a group's social status, social class, and social circle.
Postindustrial Society
a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than raw material and manufacturing
Biotech Society
a society whose economy increasingly centers on the application of genetics to produce medicine, food, and materials
Primary Groups
Small groups characterized by intimate, face-to-face interaction.
Secondary Groups
groups characterized by large size and by impersonal, fleeting relationships
Reference Groups
categories of people to which people compare themselves
Dyad
a social group with two members
Triad
a social group with three members
Leadership Styles
authoritarian: assigned tasks
democratic:tries to gain consensus
laissez-faire: highly permissive
Solomon Asch Experiment
experimented how people would rather conform than state their own individual answer even though they know the group's answer is wrong
Stanley Milgram Experiment
A series of psychological experiments which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.
The traditional orientation to life
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Bureaucracy
complex systems with many departments, many rules, and many people in the chain of command
Anomie
According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness.
Alienation
The experience of being cut off from the product of one's labor that results in a feeling of powerlessness
Iron Law of Oligarchy
tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
Preconceived Ideas and Behavior
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Attempts to humanize the work place
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What is a crime?
An act that breaks a law and causes harm to people or society in general
Relativity of deviance
Because different groups have different norms, what is deviant to some may not be deviant to others. Ex: Indian man showering naked at the neighborhood water pump= not deviant in India.
Sociobiological Theory of Deviance
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Differential Association Theory
when individuals base their behaviors by association and interaction with others.
Control Theory of Crime
a criminological theory about the lack of individual self-control as the main factor behind criminal behavior. The self-control theory of crime suggests that individuals who were ineffectually parented before the age of ten develop less self-control than
Labeling Theory
theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
Deviance is functional for society
Yes, 1. Deviance can clarify and affirm cultural values and norms
2. Enhance unity and solidarity
3. Diversion of discontent="safety valve" for society
4. Identification of problems
5. Encourages social change
Symbolic Interaction Theories of deviance
Labeling secondary deciance
Robert Merton's Theory of Crime
In sociology and criminology, strain theory states that social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crime.
Research by Coward and Ohlin Delinquency
Differental opportunity- Focuses on reaching illegitimate or legitimate means to reach cultural goals.
Learning structures- Appropriate environments for the acquisition of the values and skills which form a certain role.
Performance structures- Focus on o
White Collar Crime
crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
Characteristics of people in prison
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Former Prisoners that are arrested
recidivism rate
Thomas Szasz
the psychiatrist who denounced the medicalization of deviance and proclaimed "mental illnesses are neither mental nor illnesses....they are problem behaviors
Marx's Class Types and Consciousness
to refer to the beliefs that a person holds regarding their social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their class interests
power
the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions
weber's view of components of social class
The two-component theory of stratification, more widely known as Weberian Stratification or Three Class System, was developed by German sociologist Max Weber with class, status and party as distinct ideal types. Weber developed a multidimensional approach
Stratification is necessary to motivate people
helps society
Marxs predictions about outcome of class stuggle
Marx focuses on explaining class conflict due to the means of production, which he posited was the driving force behind social evolution.According to Marx, society evolves through different modes of production in which the upper class controls the means o
The rise of global stratification
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World Systems Theory
idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries