family
the first in line of different agents of socialization
family
oldest form of socialization that we know of
family of origin
the family we are born in primarily consist of our parents and siblings. Some societies include grandparents ( who we live with).
family of procreation
when we get married and have children ourselves
Family of Origin and Family of Procreation
What are the two forms of families most of us will have in our life times?
Who we can marry and how many we can marry
What are some of the rules society places about families?
Patrilineal societies
the line of decent follows from father to son. (usually determines inheritance) Ex: The Old Testament
Matrilineal Societies
the line of decent from mother to daughter. (majority are Native American)
Bilineal Societies
the line of decent of males is figured from father to son and the line of decent of females is figured from daughter to mother
Messes up the line of decent
Why do societiest have rules about incest?
Bilineal Societies
Which line of decent is usually strongly connected to inheritance (ex: family property)?
Endogamy
rules that say you have to marry within a certain group. (In some societies you would have to marry within your own clan. Can be racial, religious, etc)
69% (is the biggest group)
Percentage of Races in the U.S of Non Hispanic or white
12.7 %
Percentage of Races in the U.S. of African Americans
13.2 %
Percentage of Races in the U.S. of Hispanics
6%
Percentage of Races in the U.S. of Asian Americans
1%
Percentage of Races in the U.S. of Natve Americans
They are the biggest race so it will happen most often in this race.
What is the reason for the whites being so big?
Native Americans
Which race have the highest rate of intermarriage but this is because they have the least people?
Exogamy
rules that say we have to marry outside of a certain group. (Here in the U.S. you can't marry your mother, father, siblings, 1st cousin, sons, or daughters, and some states 2nd cousin. Other societies have different rules about incest, but to marry someon
Phratries
A clan but describes a group that is divided up in two
America's society
Only in ______ ______ did we not have any laws for a while stating that you couldn't marry someone from a certain group (except you couldn't marry someone from a different race).
Monogamy
You have one spouse. Who ever you marry is your spouse for your life
True Monogamy
A person can have one spouse only
America
In ___ things are not true monogamy, because many people do wind up having more than one spouse.
Serial Monogamy
We can only have one spouse at a time, but we can have one after another.
50%
__% of marriages today wind up in divorce and many of these people remarry (sometimes multiply times).
Polygamy
where a person can have more than one spouse at the same time.
Polygyny
where a husband can have more than one wife at the same time.
polygyny
Western Researchers have heavily criticized ___ because it tends to be in societies where women are viewed as men's properties and women have low status.
Polyandry
a system where women can have more than one husband at the same time (Central Asia and the Himalayas)
Polyandry
This adds protection to the wife(if something happens to one husband you still have 3 others so you are not on your own)
Marriage
primarily an industrial institution.
The Chippeweyan
central Canada just below artic circle, Women had low status, Had to do most of the hard lab, Beaten by husbands, Many women committed suicide, Divorce was allowed and was easy to do, Few divorced husbands because neither husband or wife could survive wit
courtship, young person
In modern industrial societies we have a system of ___, and It is the decision of the ____ in the end
to start having sex earlier
One of the trends we have seen over the last 40 years or so is for people to get married later and later, but for people to _______
educated
In terms of our marriage patterns getting later and later we have to look at the fact that people are being more ____
economic depression
In times of ___ ____ people delay marriage, because they can't afford to leave their families and live on their own.
social norms
___ change by economic conditions and by way of life in the future.
women
Researchers have found that ___ particularly have much more liberal attitudes about a bunch of things (smoking, drinking, premarital sex).
Great Depression
In 1929 we had the __ ___which pretty much lasted to the 1930's followed by WWII in the 1940's
marriage and children
If women want to have a good career they are going to start delaying ___ and ___
automobile
Up until the 60's most families only had one __.The men would take it to work and when they got home then the others could have access to the ___.
Being born
Dying
There are only two things you don't have a choice about?
status in society
What stage of life we are in will have a huge impact on our ___
Childhood and Adolescence
we are in a state of dependence -people are providing us with our needs (food, clothes, and shelter) they are also making decisions for us.
Young Adulthood and Middle Age
this is where we reach a state of independence and we are providing our own needs and making our own decisions. (o We may be taking care of others who are dependent on us (particularly children). This state last to the middle age)
elderly
the older we get we start slipping gradually into a state of dependence again
Rights of Passage
transitions in our life that mark our different status in society (birthday, Graduations, marriage, and retirement)
retirement
We consider ____ a drop in status due to loss in income
medicine, health care
In the U.S. we are keeping people alive longer and longer with ___. This is becoming more of a problem because their __ __ also cost lots of money.
social security
Retirement for a person means you can drop that income and for some people their only source of income after retirement is ____
elderly
While income usually drops with retirement most wealth is in the hands of ____
income
how much money you have coming in.
wealth
how much you own.
elderly
___ people have had a lifetime to accumulate wealth.
yonger people
___ people have not had as much time and are trying to provide for their families. They don't have the opportunity to put money away.
Disengagement theory
the oldest theory of retirement and ageing. It looks at the process of how an older person disengages from society.
Retirement (reduced income)
for most people this means drop an income.
Health problems
more and more you encounter ___ problems. The more years of wear and tear on your body the more they will have an affect.
Restricts Activities
These two things combine to restrict an elderly person's activity. It cost money to do things. The more health problems you have the more you have to buy things to help you do things.
time
So trying to structure your ___ is a major problem with elderly people.
Network Attrition
for most people their friends will probably be the same age so some of their friends will have already died or are having the same problems.
Functionalist Theory
the older the people are when they die, the less effect it has on society because the people around them are the same age and have the same problems
Alternative Activities Theory
�retirement can provide new beginning
�have time for leisure activities and new hobbies
�new hobbies into new business
�opportuniteis to travel and go back to school
�getting involved in charity
�focuses on solutions to problems in disengagement theory
1) loss in status
2) time management (not b/c of too much to do, but b/c of too little to do)
3) osteoporosis
4) loss of brain activity (dementia and Alzheimer's)
What are the problems with aging?
Demography
the study of population and population change
number of birth, number of deaths
What two factors determine demography?
birthrate
number of live births per 1000 people per year
mortality rate
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
gross" or "overall" fertility rate
number of live births the average woman ages 15 to 49 has in her lifetime
Replacement fertility rate - 2.1
how many kids each woman must have to keep population constant. One to replace each parent. *This excludes immigration (this number is for industrialized nations)
Infant mortality rate
number of infant (0-12 months) deaths per 1000 live births per year
Underdeveloped countries
makes economic sense to have more kids
1)No social security
2) Labor Market
ochildren go to work at very early age
oFamily is producer in society
ojob requires little or no education
Industrialized countries
makes more economic sense to have less kids
1) children are economic liability - cost is expensive for kids
2) Jobs require more education, so kids stay in school longer
Thomas Mathus (1766-1834)
�English man who is the first person we have any record of looking at population growth.
�You can see from the dates of his life that he watched these changes first hand.
�He said population can expand exponential (constantly doubled in a short amount of
Positive checks on population
oNatural disaster
oWarfare
oFamine
oThe only way to fix this would be delayed marriage (which means you produce children later) or Celibacy.
oThought that if you controlled population in any other way it was immoral or a sin
�The reduction of fertility in modern industrial societies (since people were working more, they delayed having children)
�technological advances allowed us to grow a lot more food
What Mathus didn't foresee?
population pyramids
We usually represent the age structure to ___ pyramids
�The number of people being born and dying determines that society's age structure.
oThis can have a big impact on a society and the problems it faces
Constrictive Population Pyramid
�Most industrialized nations (most of Europe, as well as Japan) have a ___ ___ pyramid.
�It looks like its wearing a gurtle.
�The fertility rate is below the replacement rate.
�There are fewer and fewer young people.
�You are not having enough babies to r
�Certainly if you look at the government's role in society the strains are at the top of the pyramid (usually the people who need the most health care and attention).
�have fewer tax payers and workers to support the programs
What are the problems created by a constrictive population pyramid?
stationary pyramid
pyramid that is a little bit broader at the base.(We have the baby bombers. After WWII all the soldiers came home got married and had a bunch of kids)
Politicians
The problem is ___ have been taken money out of the excess Social Security system and spending it on other things
expansive pyramid
(developing countries) [Brazil]
�Shorter and much wider at the bottom
�the fertility rate is very high in many of these countries
�the average age of the population is 15 (half are 15 or younger and half are 15 or older).
�People at the bottom are trying
migration
people moving in or out of a region
The other thing that affects any society
Emigration
people moving out of an area
Push factor
reasons why people leave
Political or religious persecution
oDiscrimination
oLack of employment
oDevelopment of natural resources
oNatural disasters
oEnvironmental changes
What are some push factors?
Climate change
North Africa tended to be the bread basket of Europe in Ancient times but then the climate got hotter and dryer. We have seen this in the U.S. also. You can compare tree rings to other tree rings and it is clear that one of the things that happened that c
Loss of Resources
mine all the coal and you have a ghost town because there are no more natural resources in a town
Natural disasters
floods, earth quakes, volcanic eruptions. If you are living in an area that is constantly at risk some people may decide it is better to move elsewhere.
Intolerance
political or social climate of intolerance where people are subject to discrimination or prejudice, or some extreme cases genocide.
Lack of jobs
if you can't make a descent living where you are maybe you ought to move somewhere else where you can
Immigration
people moving into an area
Pull factors
reasons why people move to an area
oJob opportunities
oResource abundance
oFavorable climate
oPolitical or social climate of tolerance
oAbundance of economic opportunities
What are some pull factors?
International migration
people migration from one country to a different country, most focus on this migration
Internal migration
people moving from place to place within a certain country
Air conditioning made living in the South or southwest an option, this was intertwined with finding cheap labor, and moving away from factory life.
The Northeast or Great Lakes areas are losing people. People are moving to the South.There is one major reason for this big shift, which is?
west to east
ONE MIGRATION FLOW THAT WE HAVE NOT SEEN IN THIS COUNTRY IS ___ to ___
rural to urban
One of the big problems that many developing countries see is ___ and __ migration
Population Incline
�More people => more demand for goods and services
�Economy will be growing (more jobs)
�This also means more people looking for jobs
�This is good for employers (the more people looking for jobs, the less you have to pay them)
�We see high degree of ineq
Subsistence Farming
people grow what they need. If your economy is based on this then there is very little need for money (money would be in short supply any ways). When a country starts to modernize more and more are moving away from subsistence to a money economy. More and
Disadvantages of population incline
�This leads to environmental degradation (more people, more pollution).
�More people mean more people looking for jobs. This makes it an employer's market. Workers have to compete with each other. Business owners make more money while workers get very lit
Advantages of population inclinde
�More people mean more goods in demand and services.
�This means there is more of an incentive to provide these substances.
�You can charge higher prices and those who have the opportunity to make money will do so.
�To expand the economy will also wind up
Structural Mobility
people can move up in the economic system because there are more opportunities. More demand means more jobs. It increases the incentive for production but also for innovation (finding newer better ways of doing things). Innovation leads to better benefits
population decline
�not using resources as fast, they last longer
�fewer people looking for land, so it will be cheaper
�fewer workers means employers have to compete for the workers, so they offer higher pay and better benefits
�less demand for goods =>economy will slow do
Advantages of population decline
�Fewer people means you will be using up resources more slowly and creating less pollution.
�In the short term fewer people also increase wages.
�Fewer people mean fewer workers. Employers have to compete for workers (workers are paid well because if they
Disadvantages of population decline
�fewer people mean less demand for goods and services
�Over the course of time less demands means suppression, people are getting laid off of work
gender equality
Population growth and decline can affect not only the overall equality but also on ___ ___
�In rapid population growth women are having lots of children (high fertility). This means there is less time for women to be in the work forceThis makes women economically dependent on their husbands. Women tend to have low status in these countries.
How do high fertility rates create a low status for women? High fertility rates - low status
�In modern industrial countries whose populations are station or declining it means low fertility.
�This means they can spend more time in the work force.
�They can make their own money, so they are not finically dependent on their husbands.
�They have hi
How do Low fertility rates - (more industrialized cities) create higher status for women?
social movement
__ __ is just one cause for social change
Social change
any significant modification or transformation in social structure or social cultural process
Social cultural process
means how people relate or interact with each other. Certainly this is a change in how we relate to each other.
1. Environmental Change
2. new technology
3. new ideas
4. economic changes
5. population change
6. war and revolution
7. social movement
What are the causes of social change?
Discovery and invention
someone coming up with new machine
cultural diffusion
borrowing cultural elements from neighboring societies can create culture lag - technology can increase faster than a societies norms and values
new ideas
�free market capitalism was a new idea in 1600s
�democracy was never new idea
�communism
�Most of 20th century was free market capitalism vs. communism
economic changes
Great Depression led to massive gov't spending welfare, legalization and labor unions
war and revolution
create most rapid and democratic social change, often results in destruction of gov't and formation of a new one
social movement
conscious effort to bring about social change from outside the political system
Indigenous/Grassroots movements
begin spontaneously in several different places as a result of local social conditions
�civil rights movement (started as little events here and there)
Organized Professional movements
organized from the beginning
�social movement organizations (SMO's) - people get together to start a group for purpose of creating social movement
Moral Entrepreneurs
individuals who take it upon themselves to change some part of society
Revolutionary
type of purpose that want to overthrow eisting social structure and replace it with a new one, Ex: communism
Reformist
type of purpose that don't want to destry current social structure, they want to change one part of it
�most common types
otemperature movement
ostudents against drunk driving
Countermovement
type of purpose in which every action has equal and opposite reacti
conservative movements
want to keep status quo
reactionary
want to bring back the old way, want a change but not new one, want to go back to simpler ways, Ex: hippie movement
Millenarian
type of purpose that predicts the end of the world
1)Disorganization- true for proff and grassroot movements
2)Organization- must be organized to be
3)Institutionalization- NAACP, labor unions
4)Disintegration- they fall apart, final stage of life course
What are the 4 Life course of movements (stages)?
Fracturing and splintering
breaks up into small groups and fight for control of the movement and its future goals
Goal Displacement
find new goals cause they reached other ones or goals failed so they must find new ways to reach them
Social evolution/Social Darwinism
he looked at society like organisms and talked about how society evolved form simpler forms to more complex forms. In this evolution signifies societies abilities to adapt to their environment (more complex=better adapted). They provide not only more cont
oOne this idea of social evolution has been tied with the idea of survival of the fittest. This idea has been used to look at societies with more technology. So it has been used by powerful nations with advanced technology to take over lands and dominant.
What are the downfalls of social darwinism?
Karl Marx- Conflict theory and economic determinism
We are in conflict and competition with various groups. Marx ideas is that the economic idea of any society shapes the rest of that societies social structure. Every epic of human history can be marked off by the domination of one particular economic syst
Cyclical Theory-Arnold Toynbee
over the course of human history we have seen many civilizations rise and fall. Certainly the rise of the Roman Empire had declined and disintegrated leading us into the Dark Ages. Europe wasn't the only area in the world that has seen great societies (it
Minoa
was a very advanced Greek society. They would trade with neighboring cities. And have very advanced knowledge. We have records that there was a doctor who knew how to cure cancer. It was completely destroyed by volcanic eruption so much of their knowledge
Technology
when we look at the history of humans they divide various time spans up by technology. Where would we be today if we didn't have electricity, fridge, and so on? we can also acquire technology through this process called cultural diffusion-
Social Movements
are conscious efforts to change a society to means that go beyond the normal political process. Social movements try to bring about change in other ways like through demonstrations, meetings, and political ways.
Social Movements organizations (SMO's)
start by having a purpose of creating a social movement (Mothers against drunk drivers MADD).
Determinants of Success
1) Goals coincide with broad values of society
2) Demands are specific and focused.
3) Demands are negotiable
4)Gain Support of influential 3rd parties.
5)Pressure responsible-parties without hurting others-
6)Use innovative techniques
Relative Deprivation Theory
Says oppressed people are more likely to revolt when rising expectations are mathematical
Resource Mobilization Theory
�Revolutionary movements start when things are getting better for the oppressed group
�B/c when things are getting better the oppressed have more resources to create a bigger wound
�Example: some Native American Groups
Culture Shock
sometimes a society can go into this when they are not used to something. Back in ancient times there was a considerable amount of cultural diffusion. But there were some major differences with some of the big cultures back then. The Greeks were horrified