Exchange
people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions
Reciprocity
the idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return
Competition
occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict
the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person
Cooperation
when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person
Accommodation
is a state of balance between cooperation and conflict
Social Structure
will mean the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction
Status
a socially defined position in a group or in a society
Role
the rights and obligations expected of someone occupying a particular
Ascribed Status
is assigned according to qualities beyond a person's control
Achieved Status
through their own direct efforts.These efforts includes skills, abilities, knowledge
Master Status
plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity.
Role Set
different roles attached to a single status
Role Conflict
occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status
Role Strain
occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status
Role Exit
the process people go through to detach from a role that has been central to their self identity
Social Institution
statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society
Group
a set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity
Subsistence strategies
ways societies use technology to provide for the needs of their members
Preindustrial Society
food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal labor
Division of labor
the specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities
barter
the exchange of goods or services
industrial society
the emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods
postindustrial society
the economic emphasis is on the provision of information and services rather than on manufacturing
mechanical solidarity
preindustrial societies are held together, people share the same values and perform the same tasks
organic solidarity
refers to the impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization
gemeinschaft
the German word meaning "community
gesellschaft
the German word meaning "society
Dyad
smallest group possible, a group with two members
Formal Group
the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined
Informal group
there is no official structure or established rules of conduct
Primary group
is a small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis
Secondary group
group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature
Reference group
group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt
In-group
group that a person belongs to and identifies with
Out-group
group that the person does not belong to or identify with
electronic community
people interact with one another regularly on the internet
Social Network
web of relationships formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people
Leaders
people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others
formal organization
describe a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals
bureaucracy
ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
rationality
involves subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control
voluntary association
nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest
alienation
weakness of bureaucracies is that their formal structure tends to create feelings
oligarchy
final weakness of bureaucracies concerns their tendency to result
iron law of oligarchy
Robert Michels called this tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people