anomie
a concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
community policing
a renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community
conflict theory
argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often often political in nature
control theory
a theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it
corporate crime
offenses committed by large corporations in society
ex. pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations
crimes
any action that contravenes the laws established by a political authority
deviance
behavior that violates the norms of a group or society
deviant subculture
a subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority
differential association theory
one learns criminal behavior through interactions with others
labeling theory
notion that social labels shape self perception and perception of others
new criminology
regards deviance as deliberately chosen and often political
norms
shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations
organized crime
a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit
primary deviation
initial act of transgression into a label
psychopaths
a specific personality type; such individuals lack the moral sense and concern for others held by most normal people
sanction
rewards punishments
shaming
..., a way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval rather than incarceration. this allows the offender to maintain ties to the community
white-collar crime
criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional, jobs
social control
ways to encourage conformity to society's norms
informal social control
social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule
formal social control
Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers
laws
codified norms, enforced by state
conformity
going along with the group, without necessarily being formally obligated
obedience
compliance with the directions of authority figures (power)
functionalist
what perspective believes deviance can be both functional and dysfunctional for society?
conflict
what perspective believes deviance serves the interests of elites?
interactionalist
what perspective uses differential association theory and labeling theory?
stratification
Hierarchical ranking of social groups; the structure of social inequality
social class
Hierarchical group rankings based on economic position; often measured by income and wealth
income
Cash flow, typically from wages and salaries earned from employment, plus money from investments
wealth
All assets, including cash, savings, stocks, bonds, property, etc.
high, low
farmers have ____ wealth, ____ income
job prestige
respect and admiration that a job holds in society
high prestige
doctor, lawyer, physician, clergy
low prestige
garbage collector, waiter, janitor
life chances
Opportunities to obtain material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
open system
achieved statuses; Encourages competition among members of society
closed system
ascribed statuses; Present little or no possibility of social mobility
absolute poverty
standard by which a minimum level of subsistence is determined and those living below are defined as poor
relative poverty
standard by which people are defined as poor in comparison to others
racial groups
groupings based on social significant physical characteristics and beliefs about common ancestry
ethnic groups
groupings based on common geographic origin and distinctive cultural characteristics
minority
group whose members are somehow distinct or separate from the dominant (majority) group
mulatto
white and black mix
prejudice
Negative attitudes toward an entire group of people, often a racial/ethnic minority group
racism
The belief that one race is superior, and all others are innately inferior
discrimination
The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups
institutional discrimination
Discrimination that is built in to society's institutions
sexism
the ideology that one sex is superior to the other
gender discrimination
refers to unequal treatment on the basis of gender identity
affirmative action
policies aimed at recruiting members of underrepresented groups
Marx
founding father of conflict perspective
racial literacy
skills to help children cope with racial hierarchies and to integrate multiple ethnic identities
pluralism
a model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in the United States retain their independent and separate identities, yet share equally in the rights of power of citizenship
multiculturalism
the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can co-exist peacefully and equitably in a single country
dispora
the scattering of people from their own original homeland, often by force
apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
situational ethnicity
an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on it's usefulness in a given situation