theory that views deviance as a learned behavior
cultural transmission theory
nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority
primary deviance
functionalist who developed strain theory
Robert K. Merton
theory that focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant
labeling theory
mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society
stigma
functionalist who invented strain theory
Travis Hirschi
occurrence in a public setting in which a individual acquires the new identity of deviant
degradation ceremony
conflict theorist who suggested that the ruling class labels deviant any behavior that threatens the power base
Richard Quinney
behavior that violates significant social norms
deviance
theory that focuses on why people conform rather than on the causes of deviance
control theory
nonconformity that results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true
secondary deviance
confusion that results when norms of society are unclear of no longer applicable
anomie
sociologist whose work heavily influenced labeling theory
Edwin Lemert
Edwin Sutherland
proposed concept of differential association, suggesting that learning of deviant behavior occurs in primary groups
theory that views deviance as the natural outgrowth of values, norms, and structure of society
strain theory
any act that is labeled by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by government
crimes
in terms of race 2/3 of people arrested are...
white
murder, forcible rape, and robbery are examples of what?
violent crime
in terms of race, the victims of violence, more often than not, are...
African americans
the rate of ... use in homicides is higher in the US than in any other industrialized nation in the world
handgun
burglary and arson are examples of what?
crimes against property
prostitution, gambling, and illegal drug use are examples of what?
victimless crime
describes offense committed by individuals of high society status in the course of their personal lives
white-collar crime
pursues crime as a big buisness
crime syndicate
power of the police to decide who to actually arrest is referred to as what?
police discretion
the police, courts, and corrections are all apart of what?
criminal-justice system
many people charge the high rate of arrests among African americans is a result of police using what?
racial profiling
the sanctions-such as imprisonment, parole, and probation- used to punish criminals
corrections