A social scientific theory should be all of the following EXCEPT:
a)Falsifiable
b)Normative
c)Generalizable
d)Parsimonious
e)Concrete
Answer: Normative
-add bias/ should/ ought explanations only
Theory-driven social scientific research should be:
a)Transparent
b)Skeptical
c)Methodical
d)Inferential
e)All of the above
Answer: All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a social fact according to Durkheim?
a)Social solidarity
b)Law
c)Religion
d)Natural selection
e)Social stratification
Answer: Natural selection
Not social its biological
Which of the following assertions is NOT consistent with Durkheim's theory of moral order?
a)Criminal punishment serves to strengthen solidarity
b)Criminal conduct violates the collective norms
c)Crime is merely reflection of class conflict
d)Crime in som
Answer: Crime is merely reflection of class conflict
Durkheim's not a conflict theorist
Weber's principle of methodological individualism is premised on:
a) the individual as the basic unit of social analysis
b)understanding micro-level motives behind macro-level change
c)explaining purposive social action
d)all of the above
e) none of the a
Answer: All of the above
Methodological individualism definition: individual/group unit of analysis
In Weber's methodology of the social sciences an ideal type is:
a) A normative description
b)An imaginary device
c)an analytical construct
d)An accurate description of a historical formation
e)The most desirable exemplar of a way of life
Answer: An analytical construct
Which of the following is part of Weber's ideal-types of social action?
a)instrumental or purposive action
b)Value-rational action
c)Affectual action
d)Traditional action
e) all of the above
Answer: All of the above
In Weber's thought, which basic process drives social change?
a) consensus
b)competitive selection
c)the division of labor
d)all of the above
e)none of the above
Answer: Competitive selection
Consensus and DOL is durkeim
A parsimonious theory is one in which:
a) a few propositions are derived from many assumptions
b)a few assumptions are used to build cogent propositions
c)The underlying logic is clearly valid, reliable and falsifiable
d)All of the above
e)None of the abo
Answer: B) A few assumptions are used to build cogent propositions
Which of the following would be classified as a non material social fact?
a)The predominance of contractual law in societies
b)The predominance of punitive law in societies
c)The suicide rate in France
d)The level of social solidarity within a society
e)A
Answer: The level of social solidarity within a society
The Industrial Revolution was a period during which productivity was dramatically increased by:
a) A growing population
b)A happier workforce
c)Rational division of labor and new technologies
d)Increasing trade and commerce
e)Traditional craft occupations
Answer: Rational division of labor and new technologies
The Enlightenment thinkers generally thought that the condition of society was:
A)Ordained by god
B)Fixed in place
C)Improvable through science and reason
D)Best left in the hands of hereditary rulers
E)All of the above
Answer: Improvable through science and reason
According to smith, government should stay out of economic matters except to:
a)Impose wage and price controls during periods of inflation
b)tax people to make the income distribution fairer
c)Ensure that people are paid a decent wage
d)Keep rents afforda
Answer: none-government should not do any of these things
none were acceptable to smith
Because he saw human beings as rational in their choice of behaviors, Bentham argued that crime could be deterred by creating a penal system in which punishment was adequately
a) Swift
b)Certain
c)Serve
d)all of the above
e)none of the above
Answer: All of the above
If they don't have everything then they aren't complied to the system
Which of the following factors condition rational action according to sociological rational choice theorists?
a)Opportunity costs
b)Constraints imposed by institutions
c)Transactions costs
d)All of the above
e)None of the above
Answer: All of the above
The principle of distributive justice in exchange theory states that people will feel aggrieved when they perceive:
a)That religious traditions have been violated
b)Their true class-consciousness
c)That their contribution to the group is not rewarded prop
Answer: That their contribution to the group is not rewarded proportionally
The Utilitarian theorists of the 19th Century:
a)Tended to be environmentalists
b)Condemned moral individualism
c)Favored government regulation of markets
d)All of the above
e)None of the above
Answer: None of the above
Utilitarian theorists believed in normative system, ethics, is best for greatest number of people is the best option
Greatest number of goods for greatest number of people
According to Adam Smith, the origins of the Industrial Revolution can be observed in:
a)Harnessing of animals to pull plows
b)Invention of the alphabet
c)Use of steam to power machines
d)The rational division of labor
e)The french revolution
Answer: The rational division of labor
Which of the following assumptions does smith make in regard to human nature?
a)Humans are generally cooperative and creative
b)Humans are generally self-interested
c)Humans are inclined to "truck and Barter" to get what they want
d)Unless dominated by th
Answer: both b and c, Humans are generally self-interested & Humans are inclined to "truck and Barter" to get what they want
According to Adam Smith, the mechanism propelling the expanding division of labor in a capitalist economy is:
a)Free economic competition
b)The decline of traditional craft occupations
c)General prosperity
d)Smaller units of production such as workshops
e
Answer: Free economic competition
According to Durkheim, religion is an important and persistent social fact because:
a)Through rituals, the group is able to articulate and find meaning
b)Sacred symbols facilitate communication
c)The idea of the sacred constitutes and reinforces social or
Answer: all of the above
The kind of social solidarity based on the interdependence of group members is called:
a)Mechanical
b) Organic
C)Advanced
D)Achieved
E)None of the above
Answer: Organic
Associated with interdependence, higher population, DOL
And mechanical is associated with groups of sameness, lower population
Following from mertons reinterpretation of functionalism, the latent function of mass education could be
a)To promote public englightment
b)To create human capital
c)To increase literacy
d)To socialize individuals
e)To promote economic development
Answer: To socialize individuals
Which of the following would be classified as a non-material social fact?
a)The measurable degree of restitutive (contractual) law in societies
b)The measurable degree of repressive (punitive) law in societies
c)The suicide rate in France
d)The level of s
Answer: The level of solidarity within a society
According to Durkheim, the transition from mechanical to organic social solidarity is initiated by:
a)The change from traditional authoirty to charistmatic authority
b)An increase in population density
c)Social actors becoming more rational, selfish, and
Answer: An increase in population density
A good material indicator of mechanical solidarity in a given society would the predominance of:
a)Penal law
b)Civil and regulatory law
c)Collective conscience
d)Education system
e)Superstition
Answer: Penal law
Mechanical solidarity, similar group member, law focus on punishment
Which of the following would Durkheim regard as the most important function of religious behavior?
a)It heightens conflict with the secular world
b)It produces communally integrative emotions
c)It produces legitimacy to justify social inequality
d)All of
Answer: It produces communally integrative emotions
According to Durkheim, religion must contain which of the following:
a)Sacred objects
b)Rituals
c)Religious organizations
d)All of the above
e)None of the above
Answer: All of the above
The kind of social solidarity based on the similarity of group members is called:
a)mechanical
b)organic
c)Advanced
d)Achieved
e)none of the above
Answer: Mechanical
Similarity= sameness between people
Following Durkheim functionalism, we expect that a system of social control is most effective when:
a)Punishment are brutal
b)Punishment are swift
c)When punishment reinforce moral consensus
d)When people aren't certain they will get caught for breaking t
Answer: When punishment reinforce moral consensus
Which of the following theorists would cast doubt on the notion that individualism, freedom, and rational-legal authority replaced despotic power as a basis of social order?
a)Foucault
b)Bentham
c)Durkheim
d)Smith
e)None of the above
Answer: a)Foucault
According to Foucault, the maintenance of power became more certain in modern societies through pervasive and efficient means of:
a)Charismatic Authority
b)Discipline
c)Democratic Processes
d)Legal Action
e)Market Organization
Answer: B)Discipline
Foucault's theory of Discipline and Elias' theory of civilization agree on which of the following?
a)The monopolization of force by the state increased individualism and freedom
b)Surveillance is a new oppressive form of Hobbes' Leviathan
c)The rise of th
Answer: The rise of the centralized state shifted the focus from external social control to internal discipline
Compared with pre-modern empires, giddens might argue that apparatuses of bureaucratic governance have allowed modern states substantially to increase their:
A)Scope of rule
B)Intensity of rule
C)Legitimacy
D)Traditionalism
E)Mechanical solidarity
Answer: Intensity of rule
In Goffman's dramaturgical theory of social order, when actors convey disdain or discomfort with a performance they are obliged or compelled to play this is called:
a)Dramaturgy
b)Backstage revelation
c)Dissimulation
d)Role-distance
e)Deference
Answer: d)Role-distance
Kues, role playing, kids rolling their eyes when they are told what to do and they dont want to do it
For Goffman, behaving in public settings in a fashion that is congruent with one's social status is to display appropriate:
a)Humility
b)Anxiety
c)Morality
d)Affect
e)Demeanor
Answer: e)Demeanor
Goffman's concept of face work refers to:
a)Attempts by actor to manage their self-presentation
b)Attempts by actor to disguise their physical appearance
c)Attempts by observers to humiliate actors
d)Attempts by con-men to defraud a mark
e)Attempts by soc
Answer: Attempts by actor to manage their self-presentation
For Weber, legitimacy can be achieved in relations of domination through:
a)Tradition
b)Legality
c)Charisma
d)All of the above
e)None of the above
Answer: All of the above
Following from Weber's theory of the rationalization of administration, we would expect to see organizations most closely approximating "monocratic" bureaucracy in societies where:
a) The economy is monetized and market-oriented
b)The scale of government
Answer: All of the above
The bureaucratic organization gives selective advantage to societies that adopt it because of its
a)Technical superiority as a form of administration
b)Spontaneity
c)Affinity with belief and custom
d)Its ability to preserve traditionalism
e)Its charismati
Answer: Technical superiority as a form of administration
According to the communist manifesto the most basic difference between capitalism and socialism is:
a)The sanctity of religion
b)The ownership of the means of production
c)The importance of technology
d)The sanctity of the family
e)All the above
Answer: The ownership of the means of production
Marx's theory of revolutionary socialism maintains that:
a)capitalist society contains the seeds of its own destruction
b)The capitalist state will be overturned by the worker's movement
c)After the revolution, the state will eventually wither away.
d)All
Answer: All of the above
According the Marx, when do workers tend to radicalize?
a)When they have been concentrated in large industrial firms
b)When they have formed organization of their own (e.g labor union)
c)When they engage in collective action against the bourgeoisie (e.g.
Answer: If all of the above conditions are met
In historical fact, in what sort of societies did Marxist-inspired social revolutions occur?
a)Advanced industrial countries such as Germany.
b)In the countries with the earliest industrialization such as England
c)Agrarian societies failing to industrial
answer: Agrarian societies failing to industrialize rapidly
According to Marx and Engels, which of the following was/were (a) "cause(s)" of the industrial capitalism?
a)the rise of an urban merchant class
b)the expropriation of the peasantry
c)The influx of gold and silver form the New world
d)all of the above
e)n
Answer: All of the above
Marx believed that all of the evils found in capitalist societies could be traced back to a single cause:
a)religion
b)evil men
c)philosophy
d)private property
e)innate human selfishness
Answer: Private property
Which of the following is NOT one of the tenets of Marx's theory?
a)socialism can be achieved only by revolution
b)Private property is the ultimate source of all evils in capitalist societies
c)Capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction
d)Upon a
Answer: The ultimate development of communism is the establishment of a welfare state
Marx's theory of surplus value maintains that
a)Profits are generated through entrepreneurial innovation
b)Profits are generated through the exploitation of labor
c)Value is based on the objective usefulness of an article
d)value is based on the intrinsic
Answer: Profits are generated through the exploitation of labor
Marx argued the advanced capitalist economics were prone to a terminal crisis because:
a)downward wage pressures reduced aggregate demand for industrial goods
b)competition would concentrate capital into a few immense firms
c)repeated cycles of depression
Answer: all of the above
For Weber, what defines a social class?
a)Shared economic characteristics
b)Property and income held by individuals
c)Relative position in the system of economic production
d)all of the above
e) none of the above
Answer: all of the above
A status group is defined by reference to
a)class position
b)the relative social prestige or honor its members receive
c)objectively preferable characteristics
d)Average life-chances of its members
e)subjective feeling of self-worth
Answer: The relative social prestige or honor its members receive
For Weber, what do status groups typically help to determine besides life-chances?
a)life-styles
b)life expectancy
c)life experience
d)life lessons
e)life choices
Answer: life-styles
Pierre bordieu argues that the principal factor generating social inequality in contemporary industrial societies is
a)Varying possessions of cultural, social and economic capital
b)the persistence of aristocracy and caste
c)the conflict between capital a
Answer: Varying possession of cultrual, social and economic capital
Which of the following best completes the sentence?
Weber considered social stratification in modern capitalist society to be...
a)An incremental hierarchy based on wealth
b)caused by a single grand variable
c)less complicated than either Marx or Durkheim
Answer: based primarily on achieved characteristics
In Marx's fragment "classes", he identifies two factors that primarily determines class position. What are these two dimensions?
a)Property and aristocratic birth
b)Bourgeoisie and proletariat
c)wealth and status
d)Property and productivity
e)Wealth and p
Answer: Property and productivity
In the 19th C, Marx claimed that capitalist societies would inevitably veer toward a dual class structure. Drawing from the lecture and the readings, which of the following is an acceptable critique of Marx's claim:
a)It was not generalizable
b)It was not
Answer: Marx failed to account for social differentiation
Marx's theory of surplus value maintains that
a)profits are generated through entrepreneurial innovation
b)Profits are generated through the exploitation of labor
c)value is based on the objective usefulness of an article
d)value is based on the intrinsic
Answer: Profits are generated through the exploitation of labor
Marx argued that advanced capitalist economics were prone to a terminal crisis because:
a)downward wage pressures would reduce aggregate demand for industrial goods
b)competition would concentrated capital into a dew immense firms
c)Repeated cycles of dep
Answer: all of the above
Marx saw all historical change as determined by:
a)Political parties
b)the business cycle
c)class struggle
d)ideologies
e)Marx wasn't concerned with explaining historical development
Answer: class struggle
In Weber's theory of religion, modern capitalism was facilitated by religious ideologies such as protestantism that exemplified
a)superstition
b)worldly asceticism
c)mysticism
d)fatalism
e)messianism
Answer: worldly asceticism
In the "Protestant ethic" thesis, capitalism had an affinity with new religious ideologies that encouraged:
a)Superstitious distrust of novelty.
b)This-worldly activity as proof of spiritual justification
c)Mystic retreat from daily affairs
d)Fatalistic a
Answer: This-worldly activity as proof of spiritual justification
which of the following is an ideological innovation that facilitated the development of industrial capitalism:
a)the free market
b)cost accounting
c)application of science to practical problems
d)Protestantism
e)Property law
Answer: Protestantism
According to the lecture on Weberian thought, which of the following would be an institutional reason for the development of modern capitalism in Europe?
a)the division of labor
b)gold from the new world
c)the protestant ethic
d)a legal system protecting
Answer: a legal system protecting property through contracts
Which of the following dimensions belongs to Weber's ideal types of religion?
a)Worldly
b)Ascetic
c)Mystic
d)Otherworldly
e) all of the above
Answer: all of the above
According to Webers, which was as an unintentional consequence of the protestant reformation?
a)a revolution in individual values and beliefs
b)a new openness to Eastern faiths
c)a new attitude toward work and profit
d)all of the above
e)none of the above
Answer: a new attitude toward work and profit
A public good can be defined as a good that:
a)is only accessible to those that contribute to providing it
b)is accessible to everyone regardless of contribution
c)conforms with ethical standards
d)is always provided by the government
e)is produced by pri
Answer: is accessible to everyone regardless of contribution
In arguing against the "fallacy of group composition" , Olson contends that:
a)there will always be a tendency of rational actors to free-ride on public goods
b)there is often a divergence between what is rational for the individual and for the group
c)co
Answer: there is often a divergence between what is rational for the individual and for the group
Cook, hardin and Levi suggest that solidarity is facilitated by which of the following types of social networks?
a)Open
b)Hierarchical
c)Brokering
d)low density
e)closed
Answer: Brokering
Rational-choice theorists argue that norms are only effective under certain circumstances. Which of the following circumstances would they wish to exclude?
a)When group members can readily detect defection or violations of the rules
b)When norms are backe
Answer: When norms are enforced only by subjective morality
Georg Simmel contends that the opportunity for individuality expands if:
a) The social circle surrounding the individual expands
b)Actors have the capacity to occupy cross-cutting social circles
c)The groups to which actors belong lack the ability to prev
Answer: All of the above
Both Weber and Simmel offer _________ as a key ________ that explains how groups maintain their coherence and identity.
a)Social change, theory
b)Social closure, theory
c)Social conflict, theory
d)Social closure, mechanism
e)Social conflict, mechanism
Answer: Social closure, mechanism
Following Kant and Habermas, periodicals, journals, newspapers, television news, and the internet can all be regarded media that
a)Constitute a public sphere in between private citizens and affairs of state
b)Are the basis of intimate communication in the
Answer: Constitute a public sphere in between private citizens and affairs of state
Which of the following correctly characterizes Alexis de Tocqueville's thinking:
a)He thought that limiting the power of central government can improve modern societies
b)He contends that an active sphere of civic associations should discourage authoritar
Answer: All of the above
For Tocqueville, which does NOT contribute to effective democratic government:
a)Freedom of the press
b)Centralized governments that take all the responsibility for the production of public goods
c)Lively civic associations that create a sense of collecti
answer: Centralized governments that take all the responsibility for the production of public goods
Following from the logic of Simmel's theory of groups, relative to members of the established community, the advantage of the "stranger" who is inside a society but not bound by its norms and traditions is his or her greater
a)Freedom
b)Integration
c)Conf
Answer: Freedom
Both Kant and Habermas discuss the role of the public sphere. How do their definitions of the public sphere differ?
a)Kant sees the public sphere as a place for communication among intellectuals, while Habermas includes all citizens in the public sphere
b
Answer: Kant sees the public sphere as a place for communication among intellectuals, while Habermas includes all citizens in the public sphere
Which of the following forms of social organization would be the most likely to produce a strong feeling of solidarity among its members?
a) x y
z
b) x----------y
| |
| |
z q
c) x--------y
\ /
\ /
z
a)Figure a)
b)Figure b)
c)Figure c)
d)All of the above
e
Answer: Figure C
When members of subordinated groups cannot gain positive recognition from members of advantaged status groups, Dubois argues that the social-self suffers from
a)Inequality
b)Miscommunication
c)Double-consciousness
d)Reciprocity
e)Instrumentality
Answer: Double-consciousness
Simmel argues that groups define social identity to the extent that they provide:
a)Internal cohesion
b)External repulsion
c)Social solidarity
d)Both a and b
e)Both b and c
Answer: Both a and b
In Simmel's terms, online and "virtual" communities might be thought as combining two properties:
a)Likenesses or affinities among members
b)Nearness or spatial connection
c)Lack of spatial proximity
d)Both a and b
e)Both a and c
Answer: Both a and c
For simmel, what setting is most conductive to the intersection of social circles?
a)big cities
b)small towns
c)Rural areas
d)very large and diverse countries
e)gated communities
Answer: big cities
According to Paterson, the long-term consequences of the "one-drop rule" as a racial institution in America led to
a)Racial polarization
b)White-black social cleavage
c) The invention of "whiteness" as a social category
d)The invention of "blackness" as a
Answer: All of the above
Patterson argues that the black-white racial dichotomy in America should be of declining salience because of
a)Massive in-migration of non-Europeans since the 1960s
b)Expanding ethnic and religious heterogeneity of American society
c)Growing numbers of mi
Answer: All of the above
Durkhiem and simmel agree that which process speeds the development of individualism?
a)Specialization
b)Homogenization
c)Reciprocity
d)Democratization
e)Sepregation
Answer: Specialization
Weber made which of the following arguments concerning orientations to action:
a)For purpose of explanation, we should assume a baseline of instrumental rationality
b)Much social behavior is motivated by emotion (affect)
c)Both material interests and valu
Answer: all of the above
Following webers, which of the following is a possible outcome of charismatic movements?
a)they eventually collapse
b)they become a rational-legal form of authority
c)they are overthrown
d)they become a traditional form of authority
e)all of the above
Answer: all of the above
According to smith, factory production is more efficient than craft production because labor can be:
a)Combined
b)specialized
c)Coerced
d)Both a and b
e)Both b and c
Answer: Both A and B
which of the following theorists ideas is best captured in the following passage about the nature of modern behavioral regulation "the battlefield is, in a sense, moved within. Part of the tensions and passion that were earlier directly released in strugg
Answer: Elias: "the social constraint toward self-constraint
In which type of legitimate domination would the leader have the greatest discretion to rule as he/she pleased?
a)Rational/legal
b)Charismatic
c)Traditional
d)Monocratic bureaucracy
e)All of the above
Answer: Charismatic
According to Weber, the routinization of charisma could be observable in of which of the following?
a)The creation of rules governing the succession of leaders
b)The transference of charisma to impersonal institutions
c)The transformation of beliefs into
Answer: all of the above
which of the following is NOT true of Webers theory of bureaucracy?
a)It tends to spread because of the selective advantage it provides to those in power
b) the most rationalized bureaucracy have a monocratic chain of command
c)the monitoring of
d)
e)none
answer: none- all of the above are true of webers ideal type bureaucracy
which of the following might help us understand how power differentials arise from exchange relationships?
a) the ability of actors easily to gain desired goods from alternative suppliers
b)the willingness of actors to accept diffused obligations when the
Answer: the willingness of actors to accept diffused obligations when they cannot repay with a like good
Generally speaking, people tend to interact most frequently with others like themselves, resulting in largely homogeneous social networks. In exchange theory this described under the principle of:
a) prejudice
b)social bias
c)status congruence
d)community
Answer: status congruence