soc 100 final review

What is the difference between Race and Ethnicity?

- Both are rooted in social structure
Race: refers to a person's appearance
Ethnicity: refers to cultural factors, nationality, ancestry (Socio-cultural differences are typically underlie cultural differences )

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice: an attitude that judges a person on his or her group's real or imagined characteristic.
Discrimination: unfair treatment of people because of their group membership

If race is social construction, why don't sociologist throw out the category all together?

It is a socially constructed term, but it matters because it allows social inequality. People can't choose their racial or ethnic identity freely.
--because perceptions of race affect the lives of most people profoundly

Why does race matter?

allows social inequality to be created and maintained

What role do scapegoats play in the creation of social inequality?

A disadvantaged person or category of people whom other blame for their own problems

What social groups are most often able to express symbolic ethnicity?

The immigrant generation

What is institutional racism?

Bias that is inherent in social institutions and is often not noticed by members of the majority group

How does institutional racism shape the divestment of inner cities and the proliferation of suburban American?

Institutional racism: is bias that is inherent in social institutions and is often not noticed by members of the majority group.
How does it affect this? Banks reject African American mortgage applications more often than applications from white Americans

What are the five stages of Robert Park's ecological theory?

Ecological theory: conflict between ethnic and racial groups emerges and is resolved in five stages.
1. Invasion: moving into the territory of another
2. Resistance: Defense of Territory
3. Competition: Compete for scarce resources
4. Accommodation: Segre

How do internal colonialism and split labor market explains why some people are unable to achieve the fifth stage of ecological theory?

Internal colonialism prevents assimilation by segregating the colonized in terms of jobs, housing, and social contacts.
--Racial identities are reinforced in split labor markets. (Also focuses on social-structural conditions hindering the assimilation of

What are hate crimes?

Hate crimes are criminal incidents motivated by a person's race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability.

What is affirmative action?

- is a policy that gives preference to minority-group members if equally qualified people are available.
--Minority group: non-Hispanic whites will form a minority group in the U.S for the

How do hate crimes and affirmative action figure as key concepts in the sociological study of both ethnicity and race and sexuality and gender?

Hate crimes as well as affirmative action usually have a racial and or sexual motivation

what is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex: depends on whether you were born with distinct male or female genitals
Gender: composed of the feelings, attitudes, and behaviors with being male or female

What is an essentialist view of gender?

Essentialism sees gender differences as a reflection of biological differences between women and men.

What are the 4 important sociological critiques of essentialism?

1. Ignore historical and cultural variability of gender and sexuality
2. Ignore variations within gender groups, generalizes from the average
3. Lack of genetic evidence
4. Ignore the role of power

Where do Conflict theorists and feminist theorist locate the root of male domination?

conflict theory: Locate the root of male domination in class inequality
Feminist theory: Male domination is rooted less in industrial capitalism than in the patriarchal authority relations, family structure, and patterns of socialization and culture that

According to symbolic interactionist, are we passive recipients of gender socialization?

not as children- children creatively interpret, negotiate, resist, and self-impose normative gender behavior. Roles played by women and men on TV programs most often reinforce the normality of traditional gender roles.

what is the difference between inter-sexed and transgender individuals?

Transgendered: people defy society's gender norms and blur widely accepted gender roles
Intersexed: people who are born with both genitals

what is gender discrimination?

Rewarding women and men differently for the same work

What is the glass ceiling?

A social barrier that makes it difficult for women gain top level jobs

In 2006, what was the earning gap between men and women in the U.S?

women earned only 80.8 percent of income men earned

what are the 4 socoiological explanations for the earning gap?

1. gender discrimination
2. domestic responsibilities reduce women's earnings
3. women tend to be concentrated in low wage occupations and industries
4. work done by women is commonly considered less valuable

What is the logic behind affirmative action programs benefiting women?

The affirmative action invovles hiring more qualified women to diversify organizations.
-Child care programs
-comparbale worth (equal dollar value of different jobs)

What is the difference between quid pro quo sexual harassment and hostile environment sexual harassment?

--Quid pro quo sexual harassment: takes place when sexual threats or bribery are made a condition of employment decisions.
--Hostile enironment sexual harassment: involves sexual jokes, comments, and touching that interferes with work or creates an unfrie

Why could globalization be understood as a form of imperialism?

Contributes to the cultural domination of less powerful countries by more powerful countries

What is a global commodity chain?

A global commodity chain is a worldwide network of labor and production processes whose end result is a commodity.
--Everything influences everything else in a globalized world.

What are some differences between transnational corporations and traditional corporations?

Traditional corporations rely on domestic labor and production while transnational corporation depend on foreign labor and production.

What is the relationship between the George Ritzer's McDonalization thesis and Weber's concept of rationalization?

--Refers to the spread of the principle of fast-food restaurants to all spheres of life.
McDonaldization extend Weber's concept of rationalization or the application of the most efficient means to achieve given ends.
-spread of principles of fast food res

What does the term glocalization describe and how is it consonant with symbolic interactionism?

--The simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life and the strengthening of some local differences.
--People always interpret globalizing forces in terms of local conditions and traditions.
--Symbolic interactionism

How does regionalization challenge globalization as merely homogenization????

Regionalization: The division of the world into different and often competing economic, political, and cultural areas.
Homogenization: the cultural dominations of less powerful by more powerfull countries.

What are the difference between modernization theory and dependency theory?

--Modernization theory: (functionalist approach) Global inequality results from vaiours dysfunctional characteristics of poor societies. Maintain economic underdevelopment results from poor countries not "westernized" in their values and business practice

What is colonialism?

Colonialism is the dominating of one country over another country to exploit the lesser country's resources.

What are the core capitalist countries, peripheral capitalist countries, and semiperipheral capitalist countries?

Core capitalist countries are major sources of capital and technology.
Peripheral capitalist countries are major sources of raw materials and cheap labor.
Semiperipheral capitalist countries are making considerable progress to industrialize.

What does the policy of neoliberal globalization promote?

--Promotes private control of industry and minimal government interference in the running of the economy
Resembles modernization theory

What is power?

The ability to control others, even against their will

What form must power take on to be considered authority?

--legitimate, institutionalized power.
--Traditional authority: tribal and feudal societies; authority is inherited
--Legal-rational authority: modern societies; rule of law
--Charismatic authority: extraordinary individuals; challenge traditional or lega

What is the difference between the state and civil society?

The state society is the institution responsible for formulating and carrying out a country's laws and public policy. Civil Society is the private sphere of social life.

Why is war and terrorism considered politics by other means?

A reason war/terrorism is considered politics by other means is because it involves social relations wanting authority or power and the method that is used to apply policy is violence. Reasons for war are usually poverty and conflicting governmental types

What is the diffference between interstate war and societal war?

Interstate war takes place between countries and societal war is within countries

What are the three sectors of the economy and how do they correspond to the three historical revolutions in the history of human labor?

-primary: agriculture (farming) productivity or the amount produced for every hour worked
-Secondary: manufacturing ( raw materials into goods) markets or the social relations that regualte the exchange of goods and services
-Teritary: Services, automatio

what is the division of labor?

The agriculture, industrial, and the service revolutions altered the way work was socially organized.
--specialization of work tasks
--increasing the division of labor changed the nature of work in fundamental ways.

How does scientific management enable the deskilling of work?

Scientific management eliminates unnecessary actions and greatly improves workplace efficiency.
--Deskilling: the process by which work tasks are broken into simple routines requiring little training to perform.

What are the two labor markets that result from the process of labor market segmentation?

-primary labor market: composed of disproportionately of highly skilled or well-educationed white males
-secondary labor market: contains a disproportionately large number of women and members of racial minorities, particularly african and hispanic americ

What are three barriers that prevent secondary labor workers from moving up into the primary labor market?

-few entry-level positons in the primary labor market
-workers lack informal newtorks linking them to good job opennings
-workings usually lack the required trainnnig and certificaton for jobs in primary labor markets

What was the effect of the rapid globalization of the economy on the U.S labor market during the 1980s?

Globalized economy affects american jobs-18 percent of children in the u.s live in poverty ( unemployment soared)

why is health not just a medical question but also a sociological issue?

-uneven distribution of health risks through the society
-Healthy populations experience less illness and longer lives.
-Social causes have a big and variable impact on illness and death.

what are some social causes of illness and death?

Human-Environmental Factors: pollution and toxic waste cause illness and death
Lifestyle Factors: smoking cigarettes, excessive alcohol and drug use, poor diet, lack of exercise, and social isolation
Public Health System ( clean drinking water, sewage, sa

how do these causes intersect with race, class, and gender ????

Global inequality- influences people's exposure to different health risks.
--Positive correlation between national wealth and good health

what are some key differences between conflict perspective and a functionalist perspective of health care system in the U.S?

--Conflict Perspective: Health care in the U.S. as a system of privilege for some and disadvantage for others
--Functionalist Perspective: Private and for-profit health care as social institutions that contribute to the smooth operation of society

How do patient activism, alternative medicine, and holistic medicine constitute challenges to tradtional medical science?

Patient Activism: participation in your own health care rather than passively accepting whatever experts tell you
Alternative Medicine: chiropractic therapy, acupuncture, massage therapy
Holistic Medicine: balancing mind and body; balancing individual and

Why is disability a social construction?

- differs across societies and historical periods

What is age stratification?

inequality through out age cohorts
--Age stratification developed because different age cohorts performed functions of differing value to society.
--Children and elderly people are less important than adults employed in the paid labor force.

what would be the focus of a symbolic interactionist theory of age stratification?

Symbolic interactionists focus on the meanings people attach to age-based groups and age stratification.
--They stress that the way in which people understand aging is always a matter of interpretation.

what is ageism?

prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age

Why are death and dying social problems and not just religious, philosophical, and medical issues?

-- each culture deals with it a certain way, it used to be public now its private.
--Our culture celebrates youth and denies death.

What is the difference between routine and nonroutine collective actions?

Routine: usually non-violent and follow established patterns of behavior in bureaucratic social structures (MADD) mothers against drunk driving
Non-routine: often short lived and sometimes violent, mobs and riots

What is the breakdown theory of non-routine collective action?

--Breakdown theory holds that nonroutine collective actions emerge when traditional norms, expectations, and patterns of social organization are disrupted.
Breakdown theory may be seen as a variant of functionalism.

What is the difference between absolute deparvation and relative depravation?

Absolute: a condition of extreme poverty
Relative: an intolerable gap between social and rewards they actually receive

What is meant by the terms contagion and strain in breakdown theory?

Contagion: irrationality of crowd behavior
-the serious violation of norms (or strain)

what constitues a social movement?

Social movements are enduring and usually bureaucratically organized collective attempts to change (or resist change to) part or all of the social order.
- stepping out side of the norm

what is the solidarity theory of social movements?

Holds that social movements emerge when potential members can mobilize resources, take advantage of new political opportunities, avoid high levels of social control.
Solidarity theory may be seen as a variant of conflict theory.
-- collective action is pa

How do resources mobilization and political opportunities affect the development of social movements?

--Resource mobilization is the process by which social movements crystallize due to increasing organizational, material, and other resources of movement members.
--workers union that hold strikes for higher pay, health insurance
-Political opportunities:

What's so new about new social movements? What is frame alignment?

--the new unravels at multiple scales spanning from the whole of humanity to specific social groups.
-- the peace movement ( environmental movement)
Frame alignment: process by which social-movement leaders make their activities, ideas, and goals congruen

Why are the women's movement and the gay rights movement examples of new social movements?

The women's movement and the gay rights movement promote the rights of particular groups that have been excluded from full social participation.

Who participants in new social movements?

New social movements attract a disproportionately large number of highly educated, relatively well-to-do people from the social, educational, and cultural fields.

Why are the peace movement and environmental movement examples of new social movements?

they are concerned with the whole of humanity

what are global movements?

Inexpensive international travel and communication facilitated the globalization of social movements.
-- beyond the national level (facebook and twitter help this)

what do demogrpahers study?

are social-scientific analysts of human population.

What was robert malthus's theory of population growth?

Thomas Robert Malthus was a British clergyman who proposed a highly influential theory of human population.
Malthus's theory rests on two undeniable facts and a questionable assumption.
--Facts: 1) People must eat. 2) People are driven by a strong sexual

What does demographic transition theory claim as the main factors underlying population dynamics?

--According to demographic transition theory, the main factors underlying population dynamics are industrialization and the growth of modern cultural values
--Demographic transition theory explains how changes in fertility and mortality have affected popu

how does Karl Marx explain overpopulation?

Overpopulation is not a problem of too many people but of too much poverty.

What is the theory of human ecology?

Human ecology links the physical and social dimensions of cities and identifies the dynamics and patterns of urban growth

Why do contemporary urban sociologist focus on entire metropolian areas and not just on cities?

because of the expansion of the suburbs

What is gentrification?

The process of the middle class people moving into rundown areas of the inner city and restoring them

What are some differences between the corporate city and the postmodern city?

Coporate city: New york. industrial city that gave way after WWII
--The postmodern city is a new urban form that is more privatized, socially and culturally fragmented, and globalized than the corporate city.

What are the three main forms of environmental degradation?

Global Warming (earth temperature)
Industrial Pollution (air, water and soil)
Decline in Biodiversity (diversity of species)

What is biodiversity?

the enormous variety of plant and animal species inhabiting the Earth

How do environmental problems become social issues?

Environmental problems become social issues only when social, political, and scientific circumstances allow them to be defined as such.

What is meant by environmental racism?

Environmental racism is the tendency to heap environmental dangers on the disadvantaged, especially on disadvantaged racial minorities.