Sex
Biological difference
Secondary sex characteristics
Physical traits other than sexual organs. I.e.larger breasts, wider hips, narrower shoulders.
Hermaphrodite
Caused by hormone imbalance, combination of male and female genetalia.
Transexual
Born with the body of the opposite sex.
Objectification
Treating others as things and not humans.
Gender
Culturally and social differences between male and female. I.e. masculinity and femininity.
Berdaches
Biological males who behave, dress, work, and are treated as women.
Transvestite
Male or woman that live as the opposite sex, but does not alter the genetalia.
Sexual orientation
Preference for emotional-sexual relationships.
Heterosexuality
Like the opposite sex.
Homosexuality
Like the same sex.
Bisexual
Likes both sexes sexually.
Gay
Male that like male.
Lesbian
Female that like female.
Homophobia
Discrimatory prejudice towards non-traditional couples.
Gender role
Attitudes, behaviors, activities appropriate for each sex through socialization.
Gender identity
Person's perception of themselves as male or female.
Body consciousness
Person perceives and feels about his/her body.
Sexism
Subordination of one sex.
Patriarchy
Hierarchical system controlled by men.
Matriarchy
Hierarchical system controlled by women.
Gender bias
Favortism of one sex or the other.
Pay Gap
Disparity between mens and womens wages.
Comparable worth
Wages should reflect worth of a job, not the gender of the worker.
Feminism
Women and men are equal and should have equal rights.
Primary sex characteristics
Genetalia
Three components of sexism
1. Negative attitudes towards women.
2. Stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice.
3. Discrimination; acts that exclude, distance, or keep women separate.
Men
Strong, rational, dominant, independent, less concerned with appearance.
Women
Weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, anxious, about appearance.
Gendered division of labor
1. Type of subsistence base.
2. Supply of and demand for labor.
3. Extent to which women's child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work.
Hunting and gathering societies
Men hunt wild game and women gather roots and berries and hunt only when being done close to home. No control on surplus. Women are relatively equal.
Horticultural and Pastoral
Women hoe cultivate. Men do herding. Neither sex controls food supply. Decreased women equality.
Agrarian Societies
Men are dominate, women are secluded, subordinated, and mutilated.
Industrial societies
Factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture. Invention of steam engine.
Postindustrial societies
Invention of computers. US is postindustrial and 60% of abult women are in the workforce.
Instrumental tasks
Economic support and making decisions.
Expressive tasks
Providing affection and emotional support to the family.
Human Capital
Source of a persons productivity.
Functionalists
Traditional roles ensure that important tasks will be performed.
Conflict
Unequal power heightens gender based social inequalities.
Key agents of gender socialization
Parents, peers, teachers, schools, sports, media.