What is deviance?
-Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates cultural norms in the society or group in which it occurs
What is the example of deviance?
-4 norms, taboo, moores, laws
- example behavior deviance, a person might engage in intentional deviance by drinking too much or shoplifting.
What is a crime?
- is an act that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions.
What is the example of crime?
-Ex. (minor) running an illegal bingo game ir disorderly conduct
-Ex. (major) sexual assault and murder
What is juvenile deliquency?
- refers to a violence of law by young people under the age of eighteen.
What is strain theory?
- people feel stain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
What is the example of goals in strain theory?
- material possession and money
What is the example of approved means in strain theory?
- education and job.
What is the other meaning of deviance?
-behavior and belief
-It relatives
-is ambigous
-varies with degrees
What is the illigitimate opportunity structures?
- circumstances that provide opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot get throug legitimate channels.
What is the example of illigitimate opportunity structures?
- some communities may have inssuficient legitimate means to achieve conventional goals of status and wealth but have much greater access to illegitimate opportunity structures------such as theft, drug dealing, or robbery------through which they can achie
What is social control?
- systematic practices development of social groups to encourage conformity and discourage deviance.
-internalized values + external (-ve) sanction
What is the example of social control?
- Ex. security camera's meassure to encourage conformity (Red Deer College has a video camera)
-CBC news world
-mayari/dooms day-the end of the world saying
What is Exdoomsday banker?
- in US the price is $200.000 to 20 million, protect you from earthquake, and all disaster if you leave in this place.
How does functionalist perspective explain the Deviance and crime?
-Functionalist by Emile Durkheim
-Affirsm cultural values and norms
-responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
-responding to deviance promotes social unity
What is functionalist according to Robert Merton?
-strain theory
What is functionalist according to Cloward & Ohlin?
-Opportunity theory
What is functionalist according to Hirchi, from Durkheim's concept of anomie?
-control theory
What is functionalist Strain Theory?
- people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
What is functionalist opportunity theory?
- its Illegitimate opportunity structures- for deviance to occur people must have access to illegitamate opportunity structures----circumstances that provide opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot get through le
What is control theory?
-Deviant behavior is minimized when people have strong bonds that bind them to families, peers, religious organization, and other institutions.
What is social bond theory?
- holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or brocken.
What is social bond theory according to Hirshi?
-Attachment to other people
-commitment to conventional lines of behavior
-involvement in conventional activities
-belief and ligitimacy of conventional values and norms.
What is differential association theory?
- states that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who favour deviance over conformity.
What is the example of differential association theory?
- the outlaw .biker, the greatest fear is not of the police, rather it is a slight variations of his own mirror image
What is labelling theory?
- suggests that deviants are those people who have been successfully labelled as such by others.
What is the example of labelling theory?
-ex. the Roughnecks and the Saints
-overall the Saints committed more offences than the Roughnecks, but the Roughnecks were labelled as troublemakers.
What are the two elements involved in defining deviance?
-some people act in a manner contrary to the expectations of others.
-Others disapprove of and try to control this contrary behavior
What is symbolic interactionist labelling theory?
- It suggests that deviants are those people who have been successfully labeled as such by others.
-Related to the power and status of those persons who do the labelling.
What is Interactionist labelling theory and other terms?
-Primary deviance
-secondary deviance
What is primary deviance?
-it the initial act of rule breaking
-a person may shoplift not be labelled deviant, subsequently decide to forgo such acts in the future.
What is secondary deviance?
-when a person who has been labelled deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior
- occurs if a person steals from a store, is labelled a "shoplifter" accepts that label and then continues to steal.
What is conflict perspective in lifestyles?
-considered deviant by political and economic elites often are defined as illegal.
What is conflict perspective issue?
-who has the power to define, enforce and punish crime and deviance
What is conflict perspective the marginized?
- commit crime in order to survive not to become rich
What is conflict perspective the law ?
-protects the interests of the affluent and the powerful and not, as is claimed the "common good
Example of conflict perspective?
-Get tough on crime" which crime, Street crimes
Example of conflict perspective?
- 3rd candidate for Ottawa mayor "tough on crime
Example of conflict perspective?
-Alliance leadership candidate tough on crime
Example of conflict perspective?
-Manitoba to get tough on crime
Example of conflict perspective?
-Its time to get tough in corporate crime:Manley
What is feminist perspective?
-Similar to conflict perspective but focus on vulnerabilities of being a female
What do feminist perspective examine?
- the relationship between gender, deviance, and crime. Subordinate position of women in society.
What is the example of feminist perspective?
-Socialist Feminism: Authors contend that women are exploited by capitalism and patriarchy. Because women, more than men, have low paying jobs, they may become involved in prostitution and shoplifting.
What is postmodern/poststucturalist perspective?
-Persuasive rather than coersive-through surveillance
What postsmodern according to Michael Foucault?
-Prisons control the inmates not by physical punishment but by constant surveilance
What is Panoptican?
-a structure that gives prison officials the possibility of completes observation of criminals at all the times.
How the law classifies crime?
-Indictable offences
-Summary conviction offences
What is indictable offences?
-includes serious crime such as homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and break and enter.
What is summary conviction offences?
-are relatively minor offences including fraudulently obtaining food from a restaurant and causing a disturbance.
Give an example of summary conviction?
-offences are punishable by a fine of up to $2,000 and or six months in jail
How do sociologist classify crime?
-street crime
-occupational or "white collar crime" amd corporate crime
-organized crime
-political crime
What is street crime?
-includes all violent crime, certain property crime, and certain moral crimes
What is several types of crimes?
-violent
-property
-moral
What is violent?
-force against others
-produces anxiety
-victims are physically injured
-victimizers intimate persons
What is property?
-break and entry theft, arson, vehicle theft
What is moral?
-Illegal action voluntary engaged in the individuals
-Kinds:prostitution, gambling, illegal drugs, pornography
What is occupational or white collar crimes?
-consists of illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or in dealing with their financial affairs.
What is the example of occupational white collar crimes?
-Hyundai motor chairman gets 3 years for embezzlement
What is corportate crimes?
-illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.
What is the example of corporate crimes?
-corporate cheating goes up in downtown: fraud expert
What is organized crime?
-business operation that supply illegal goods and services for profit
What is the example of organized crime?
-drug trafficking, prostitution, liquor and cigarette smuggling, loan sharking, money laundering and large scale theft.
What is another example of organized crime?
-Crown argues biker gang is organized gang
-ex. the movie- The departed
What is political crimes?
- illegal or unethical acts involving the misuse of power by government officials, or illegal or unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders to make a political statement, undermine the government or overthrow it.
What is political crimes?
-states officials may use their position to engage in graft through bribery, kickbacks or "insider" deals
What is the example of political crimes?
-costsly to tax payers
-eg. sponsorships program
-eg, former PM Brian Mulroney suspected or recieving kickback
What is crime statistics?
-official statistics, most of our crime statistics come from the Uniform Crime Reports (CUCR)
What is example of crime statistics?
-from the canadian centre for justice statistics of statistics of canada
What is example of crime statistics?
-figures 7.3 and 7.4 show that contrary to public opinion, crime rates have decreased
What is the weakness of these officials statistics
-police statistics always underreport the actual amount of the crime
-reporting of crime is inconsistent from place to place and from time to time
What is the weakness of these official statistics?
-reported crimes are only the tip of iceberg, to compensate
What is victimizations survey in crime statistics?
-one survey found that less than 42% of the victimization reported by respondents has been reported to the police
-incident to minor, personal matter, lack of trust in police/justice system
What is the value of victimization in crime statistics?
-additional information
-with both kinds of statistics, a truer picture of the reality of crime is possible
What is age in street crime statistics?
-Pattern: arrests increase from early adolescence, peak in young adulthood, and steadily decline with age
-crime is a young person's game
-why? adulthood is a time of expected conformity
What is gender in street crime statistics?
-Pattern: most crime is committed by male
-somes statistics:
-Men makes up over 80% of those charged wih crime
-they are more involved in violent crime and major property offences
What is the percentage of offences between 1968 to 2000?
-the percentage of offences committed by women increased from 9% to 17%
Why offences percentage is increased on 1968-2000?
-corss cultural data reveals that where men are dominant, women are less likely to commit crime;
-however when there is more equality between men and women, crimes rates are higher.
What is the other reasons of increased percentage offences according to another theory?
-the feminizations of poverty as an impetus to commit crime
What is social class some verified correlates in crimes?
-lower class are overrepresented in arrest and prison admission
Why is lower class become mostly targeted in crime?
-is it because they commit more crime or are they more likely to be targeted
What is more common in lower class crimes?
-suicide, alcoholism, mental illness, and drug addiction are more common in lower classes
Which classes of life is the crime higher?
-the occupational or white collar job is higher among than middle, and upper classes
What is violence against women survey (1993) finding?
- Men with high school were more likely to assault their wives
What is the other finding with unemployed men
-they were more likely to assault their wives
What is the other findings with men in low income?
-more likely to assault thier wives
What is race and ethnicity in US statistics?
-African American and Hispanic peoples are more likely to commit street crime than others
What is race and ethnicity in Cananda?
-non aboriginal visible ethnic minorities were underepresented in the federal correctional institutions.
What is race and ethnicity in aboriginals?
-Many studies have shown that they are overrepresented in prison after committing crime.
What is race and ethicity in immigrants?
-they have low crime rates
What is race and ethnicity african canadians?
-In Ontario, imprisonment rates were higher than others
Why are aboriginal overrepresented in prison after committin crime?
-they have much less power and fewer resources
-more likely to be discriminated against than other visible minorities
-strong social bonds are less likely
What is criminal justice system?
-includes the police, the courts, and the prisons
-each part has significant discretionary jurisdiction apart from the others
What is the part of criminal justice?
-the police
-the courts
-the prison
What is the function of police?
-they are the concreate extension of the State to provide for social order
-these extended to maintain peace in the community
-detain criminal suspects
What is the function of the courts?
-they decide the guilt or innocence of those accused of committing a crime
What are the process of adversarial in court?
-prosecutor
-defense lawyer
-judge (or jury)
What is prosecutor?
-a lawyer who represents the state
What is defense lawyer?
-asserts that the accussed (the defendant) is innocent
What is judge (or jury)?
-final decision as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant
What is punishment?
-any actions designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offence the person is thought to have committed (page 218)
What are the function of prisons/punishments?
-retribution
-social protection
-rehabilitation
-deterrence
What is retribution?
-imposes a penalty that fit the crime on the offender
What is social protection?
-in prison, he or she cannot commit crime anymore
What is rehabilitiation?
-seeks to return offenders to the community as law abiding citizens
What is deterrence?
-seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment.