Anomie
normlessness
Conformist
person who complies with accepted rules and customs
Control Theory
the idea that two control systems--inner controls and outer controls--work against our tendencies to deviate
Covert Norm
norms that are implicit, silent, perhaps even unconscious
Crime
the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law
Degradation Ceremony
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place
Deviance
behavior that departs from societal or group norms
Differential Association
a theory of deviance that holds violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts
Formal Norm
a norm that generally has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators
Ideal Norm
expectations of what people should do under perfect conditions
Illegitimate Opportunity Structure
an alternative door to success opens such as robbery, burglary, drug dealing, prostitution
Innovators
individuals who accept society's approved goals, but not society's approved means to achieve them
Institutionalized Means
socially acceptable ways to achieve cultural goals (hard work, education)
Labeling Theory
theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
Medicalization of Deviance
the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
Real Norm
Norms that are expressed with qualifications and allowances: AKA how people really behave (eg- you should never steal unless...)
Recidivism
habitual return to crime (i.e.Prison reformers in the United States are disturbed by the high rate of recidivism)
Relative Deviance
what is deviant to one group is not deviant to another
Sanction
A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.
Shaming
a way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval rather than incarceration
Social Order
a groups usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives
Stigma
a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
Strain Theory
Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
Techniques of Neutralization
explanations given by people as a way of rationalizing their deviant/criminal behavior
White-Collar Crime
Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations (e.g. bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing)